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. 2020 Jun 18;20:954. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08922-z

Table 2.

Sociodemographic factors, socio-family relations, psychosocial factors, health status, and health-related quality of life according to the frequency of impairments in everyday activities due to the overuse of the internet, gaming, or smartphone

Parameters Participants who used the Internet, gaming, or smartphone at least once before
Total (N = 190,066) No Impairment groups (n = 168,121) Mild Impairment groups (n = 13,387) Moderate -to- severe Impairment groups (n = 8558) χ2 or F Cramer’s V or r2
Sociodemographic factors
 Gender 277.029* 0.038
  Male 87,836(50.27) 76,292(83.03)a 6963(10.37) 4581(6.60)
  Female 102,230(49.73) 91,829(86.77) 6424(8.23) 3977(5.00)
 Age 12,181.045* 0.178
  19–39 52,512(37.54) 37,730(70.28) 9040(18.24) 5742(11.49)
  40–64 78,578(42.28) 89,940(92.45) 4061(4.78) 2480(2.77)
  65 or older 58,976(20.18) 40,451(98.13) 286(0.83) 336(1.04)
 Education 2790.673* 0.086
  No formal or Elementary school 33,398(9.42) 32,949(98.15) 207(0.86) 242(0.99)
  Middle school 20,344(7.80) 19,633(95.68) 357(2.19) 354(2.12)
  High school 69,425(38.75) 60,000(82.92) 5568(10.15) 3857(6.93)
  College or higher 66,899(44.03) 55,539(81.88) 7255(11.62) 4105(6.50)
 Marital status 8704.693* 0.151
  Married and living with a spouse 130,531(65.33) 119,672(89.81) 6707(6.35) 4152(3.84)
  Divorced or separated or Widowed 26,079(10.22) 25,213(95.52) 501(2.64) 365(1.84)
  Never been married 33,456(24.45) 23,236(67.29) 6179(19.98) 4041(12.72)
 Average monthly household income 549.227* 0.038
  Lowest 27,484(8.34) 26,360(92.37) 584(4.16) 540(3.47)
  Low-middle 63,168(28.84) 56,729(86.02) ,735(8.26) 2704(5.72)
  Upper-middle 58,155(34.40) 50,075(83.73) 4986(10.05) 3094(6.22)
  Highest 41,259(28.42) 34,957(82.96) 4082(10.97) 2220(6.08)
 Occupation 4623.842* 0.11
  Manager, professional or administrator, clerk 43,240(28.97) 36,219(82.51) 4629(11.56) 2392(5.93)
  Service worker, salesperson 26,904(14.65) 23,661(84.91) 1946(9.02) 1297(6.08)
  Technician, mechanic or production worker, machine operator/assembly worker 20,150(11.97) 17,874(87.16) 1418(8.08) 858(4.75)
  Skilled agricultural/forestry/fishery worker, unskilled worker, soldier 35,584(10.93) 33,558(90.99) 1155(5.19) 871(3.81)
  Student 6,371(5.26) 3,591(55.21) 1665(27.25) 1115(17.53)
  Unemployed 57,817(28.23) 53,218(89.52) 2574(5.9) 2025(4.58)
 Location of residence 259.947* 0.037
  Rural (town, township) 74,466(17.25) 68,474(88.15) 3451(6.82) 2541(5.03)
  Urban (city) 115,600(82.75) 99,647(84.21) 9936(9.82) 6017(5.97)
 Smoking 314.734* 0.029
  Non-smoker 120,621(62.02) 106,506(84.35) 8780(9.83) 5335(5.83)
  Past smoker 34,094(17.25) 31,186(89.04) 1731(6.58) 1177(4.38)
  Current smoker 35,351(20.74) 30,429(83.06) 2876(10.00) 2046(6.94)
 Alcohol during the last year 535.554* 0.101
  Yes 136,395(77.90) 117,536(82.97) 11,590(10.53) 7269(6.50)
  No 53,671(22.10) 50,585(91.67) 1,797(4.96) 1,289(3.37)
Social relationships & activities
 Family contact (by meeting in person or calling) 257.147* 0.026
   ≤ 1 time per month 54,918(32.95) 47,219(82.45) 4645(10.65) 3054(6.90)
  2–4 times per month 53,446(28.71) 47,400(85.72) 3885(9.23) 2161(5.05)
  2–3 times per week 30,682(14.24) 27,682(86.67) 1802(8.08) 1198(5.25)
   ≥ 4 times per week 51,020(24.11) 45,820(86.18) 3055(8.27) 2145(5.55)
 Neighbor contact (by meeting in person or calling) 1466.542* 0.062
   ≤ 1 time per month 80,961(56.44) 67,718(81.76) 8077(11.16) 5166(7.08)
  2–4 times per month 28,466(15.14) 24,923(85.15) 2304(9.88) 1239(4.97)
  2–3 times per week 25,071(10.97) 22,824(89.04) 1396(6.92) 851(4.05)
   ≥ 4 times per week 55,568(17.45) 52,656(92.17) 1610(4.30) 1302(3.53)
 Friend contact (by meeting in person or calling) 553.135* 0.038
   ≤ 1 time per month 58,449(29.51) 53,176(88.31) 3175(7.03) 2098(4.66)
  2–4 times per month 50,084(28.37) 44,066(85.27) 3871(9.56) 2147(5.17)
  2–3 times per week 34,188(18.32) 29,685(82.98) 2809(10.69) 1694(6.34)
   ≥ 4 times per week 47,345(23.80) 41,194(81.68) 3532(10.75) 2619(7.57)
 Religious activity 374.172* 0.044
   < 1 time per month 139,684(74.18) 122,143(83.60) 10,728(10.11) 6813(6.29)
   ≥ 1 time per month 50,382(25.82) 45,978(88.60) 2659(6.99) 1745(4.41)
 Friendship activity 1027.635* 0.074
   < 1 time per month 83,310(46.56) 71,189(81.01) 7337(11.55) 4784(7.44)
   ≥ 1 time per month 106,756(53.44) 96,932(88.27) 6050(7.35) 3774(4.38)
 Leisure activity 65.000* 0.018
   < 1 time per month 132,286(65.84) 118,294(85.46) 8369(8.77) 5623(5.77)
   ≥ 1 time per month 57,780(34.16) 49,827(83.80) 5018(10.33) 2935(5.88)
 Charity activity 117.601* 0.025
   < 1 time per month 173,194(91.92) 152,803(84.54) 12,461(9.52) 7930(5.95)
   ≥ 1 time per month 16,872(8.08) 15,318(88.91) 926(6.86) 628(4.23)
Psychosocial factor
 Stress 768.859* 0.045
  No stress 39,319(17.23) 36,687(90.03) 1471(5.68) 1161(4.29)
  Some stress 104,260(56.24) 92,033(85.12) 7810(9.59) 4417(5.29)
  Moderate stress 40,320(22.89) 34,343(81.46) 3544(11.05) 2433(7.49)
  Severe stress 6167(3.64) 5058(78.58) 562(11.04) 547(10.39)
 Depressive mood 170.022* 0.030
  Yes 11,630(6.32) 9806(79.72) 990(11.26) 834(9.02)
  No 178,436(93.68) 158,315(85.24) 12,397(9.17) 7724(5.59)
 Suicide ideation 58.732* 0.018
  Yes 13,462(6.43) 11,792(82.50) 891(9.56) 779(7.93)
  No 176,604(93.57) 156,329(85.05) 12,496(9.28) 7779(5.66)
 Suicide attempt 15.510** 0.009
  Yes 619(0.30) 526(80.79) 39(8.13) 54(11.09)
  No 189,447(99.70) 167,595(84.90) 13,348(9.31) 8504(5.79)
Health status and HRQoLb
 Hypertension 1634.772* 0.093
  Yes 44,597(18.18) 42,759(94.22) 1030(3.37) 808(2.41)
  No 145,469(81.82) 125,362(82.82) 12,357(10.62) 7750(6.56)
 Diabetes mellitus 703.817* 0.061
  Yes 18,025(7.33) 17,314(94.91) 398(2.90) 313(2.19)
  No 172,041(92.67) 150,807(84.10) 12,989(9.81) 8245(6.09)
 Subjective awareness of health status 556.087* 0.038
  Very good 11,897(7.25) 9,999(81.18) 1128(11.37) 770(7.45)
  Good 63,583(36.13) 55,307(83.85) 5398(10.60) 2878(5.55)
  Average 82,260(43.94) 72,458(84.83) 5897(9.21) 3905(5.97)
  Poor 25,977(10.47) 24,202(89.15) 888(5.38) 887(5.47)
  Very poor 6349(2.21) 6155(95.17) 76(1.77) 118(3.06)
 EQ-5D-3 L (M ± SD)c
  Total 0.954 ± 0.0003 0.970 ± 0.0006 0.959 ± 0.0010 211.81* 0.0022
  19–39 52,512(37.54) 0.980 ± 0.0003 0.973 ± 0.0007 0.965 ± 0.0010 212.14* 0.0080
  40–64 78,578(42.28) 0.962 ± 0.0003 0.962 ± 0.0013 0.948 ± 0.0023 42.13* 0.0009
  65 or older 58,976(20.18) 0.874 ± 0.0012 0.915 ± 0.0090 0.888 ± 0.0119 11.17* 0.0005

*p < .0001

**p < .0005

a The numbers in parentheses are the row percentages reflecting weight

b Health-related quality of life

cM mean, SD standard deviation