Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subgroups
| Parameter | DS | NDS | X2 | Z | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women n (%) | 43 (42) | 58 (61) | 7.37 | 0.007 | |
| Age (years) mean ± SD (median) | 41 ± 11 (40) | 39 ± 11 (36) | − 1.46 | 0.143 | |
| Higher education n (%) | 18 (17) | 18 (19) | 0.07 | 0.788 | |
| Cohabitation n (%) | 32 (31) | 29 (31) | 0.01 | 0.934 | |
| Psychiatric illness in the family n (%) | 41 (40) | 33 (35) | 0.46 | 0.496 | |
| Neurological illness in the family n (%) | 17 (17) | 13 (14) | 0.27 | 0.603 | |
| Schizophrenia in the family n (%) | 30 (29) | 15 (16) | 4.83 | 0.028 | |
|
Duration of schizophrenia (years) mean ± SD (median) |
14 ± 9 (13) | 13 ± 10 (10) | − 1.73 | 0.084 | |
| Age of onset (years) mean ± SD (median) | 27 ± 8 (24) | 26 ± 8 (24) | − 0.30 | 0.761 | |
| Time delay from onset to diagnosis n (%) | |||||
| < 1 month | 49 (48) | 48 (51) | |||
| 1–6 months | 23 (22) | 21 (22) | 0.22 | 0.897 | |
| > 6 months | 31 (30) | 26 (27) | |||
| Withdrawal of symptoms after neuroleptics n (%) | 97 (94) | 93 (98) | 1.76 | 0.184 | |
| Number of psychiatric hospitalizations mean ± SD (median) | 6.7 ± 5.8 (5) | 6.4 ± 6.8 (4) | − 1.14 | 0.253 | |
| Longest episode (weeks) mean ± SD (median) | 33 ± 62 (14) | 19 ± 27 (12) | − 2.31 | 0.021 | |
| Clinical course n (%) | 0.31 | 0.855 | |||
| Episodes of relapses and remissions | 78 (76) | 82 (86) | |||
| Chronic course | 10 (10) | 8 (8) | |||
| Chronic course with social withdrawal | 14 (14) | 5 (5) | |||
| MMSE mean ± SD (median) | 28 ± 2 (28) | 28 ± 2 (29) | 2.29 | 0.022 | |
| PANSS mean ± SD (median) | |||||
| Total | 42 ± 18 (41) | 22 ± 19 (17) | − 7.08 | < 0.001 | |
| Positive | 6 ± 5 (6) | 5 ± 5 (3) | − 2.72 | 0.006 | |
| Negative | 16 ± 6 (15) | 7 ± 6 (5) | − 9.01 | < 0.001 | |
| General | 19 ± 10 (18) | 10 ± 9 (8) | − 6.37 | < 0.001 | |
| CGI-SCH mean ± SD (median) | |||||
| Total | 14 ± 5 (14) | 9 ± 4 (8) | − 7.79 | < 0.001 | |
| Positive | 2.3 ± 1.3 (2) | 1.8 ± 1.0 (1) | − 2.23 | 0.026 | |
| Negative | 3.8 ± 1.3 (4) | 2.1 ± 1.2 (2) | − 8.10 | < 0.001 | |
| Depressive | 2.3 ± 1.1 (2) | 1.4 ± 0.6 (1) | − 6.73 | < 0.001 | |
| Cognitive | 2.8 ± 1.1 (3) | 1.8 ± 0.9 (2) | − 6.10 | < 0.001 | |
| Total severity of schizophrenia | 3.2 ± 1.1 (3) | 2.0 ± 1.0 (2) | − 7.35 | < 0.001 | |
| SDS mean ± SD (median) | 15 ± 5 (15) | 6 ± 6 (6) | − 8.99 | < 0.001 | |