Table 2.
Multivariable Regression results of Multilevel models for moderate stunting, MICS Punjab-2014 (n = 25,066)
| Moderate Stunting SD > −2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Model 1a | Model 2bCohen’s d & OR [95% CI] | Model 3cCohen’s d & OR [95% CI] | Model4dCohen’s d & OR [95% CI] |
| Individual and Household Level Characteristics | ||||
| Child age group(Reference Category 0–5 months) | ||||
| 6–11 | (0.52) 2.58*** [1.9,3.5] | (0.53) 2.61*** [1.9,3.5] | (0.53) 2.61*** [1.9,3.5] | |
| 12–23 | (1.09) 7.25*** [5.1,10.3] | (1.10) 7.37*** [5.2,10.4] | (1.10) 7.41***[5.2,10.5] | |
| 24–35 | (1.01) 6.25*** [4.1,9.5] | (1.01) 6.26*** [4.1,9.5] | (1.01) 6.26*** [4.1,9.5] | |
| 36–47 | (1.50) 15.36*** [7.3,32.5] | (1.50) 15.23*** [7.2,32.4] | (1.51) 15.54***[7.3,33.1] | |
| 48–59 | (1.42) 13.28*** [6.5,27.2] | (1.41) 13.09*** [6.3,27.1] | (1.42) 13.33*** [6.4,27.6] | |
| Child Birth order(Reference Category First Born) | ||||
| 2 | (0.25) 1.57***[1.4,1.8] | (0.24) 1.55***[1.4,1.7] | (0.24) 1.55***[1.4,1.7] | |
| 3+ | (0.63) 3.14***[2.4,4.1] | (0.62) 3.06***[2.3,4.0] | (0.62) 3.05***[2.3,4.0] | |
| Child Gender(Reference Category Boy) | ||||
| Girl | (0.07) 1.14***[1.1,1.2] | (0.07) 1.14***[1.1,1.2] | (0.07) 1.14***[1.1,1.2] | |
| Child size at birth(Reference Category Small Size) | ||||
| Average | (0.27) 0.61***[0.45,0.81] | (0.27) 0.60***[0.46,0.80] | (0.27) 0.61***[0.46,0.81] | |
| Large | (0.24) 0.65***[0.56,0.75] | (0.24) 0.64***[0.59,0.79] | 0.24) 0.65***[0.55,0.76] | |
| Diarrhea(Reference Category No) | ||||
| Yes | (0.17) 0.73***[0.6,0.8] | (0.16) 0.74***[0.7,0.8] | (0.15) 0.75***[0.7,0.9] | |
| Breast Feeding(Reference Category Yes) | ||||
| No | (0.15) 1.35*[1.0,1.7] | (0.15) 1.36*[1.1,1.8] | (0.15) 1.35*[1.0,1.8] | |
| Mother Education(Reference Category No Education) | ||||
| Primary | (0.22) 0.67***[0.6,0.8] | (0.14) 0.77***[0.7,0.9] | (0.14) 0.77***[0.7,0.9] | |
| Middle | (0.37) 0.51***[0.4,0.6] | (0.25) 0.63***[0.5,0.8] | (0.25) 0.64***[0.5,0.8] | |
| Secondary | (0.42) 0.47***[0.4,0.6] | (0.24) 0.62***[0.5,0.8] | (0.24) 0.63***[0.5,0.8] | |
| Higher | (0.76) 0.25***[0.2,0.3] | (o.59) 0.34***[0.3,0.4] | (0.59) 0.34***[0.3,0.4] | |
| Mother Age(Reference Category age of women < 18 years of age) | ||||
| 18–24 | (0.03) 0.94 [0.7,1.2] | (0.005) 0.99 [0.8,1.2] | (0.005) 0.99 [0.8,1.3] | |
| 25–35 | (0.04) 0.93 [0.8,1.1] | (0.02) 0.97 [0.8,1.2] | (0.02) 0.97 [0.8,1.2] | |
| 36–49 | (0.08) 0.86 [0.7,1.0] | (0.07) 0.88 [0.7,1.1] | 0.07) 0.88 [0.7,1.1] | |
| Postnatal Care(Reference Category Yes) | ||||
| No | (0.02) 0.97 [0.9,1.1] | (0.02) 0.98 [0.9,1.1] | (0.02) 0.97 [0.9,1.1] | |
| Prenatal Care(Reference category 1–4 visits) | ||||
| More than 4 visit | (0.07) 0.88 [0.8,1.0] | (0.03) 0.94 [0.8,1.1] | (0.03) 0.95 [0.8,1.1] | |
| Delivery Place(Reference category Home) | ||||
| Hospital | (0.04) 0.93 [0.8,1.1] | (0.01) 0.98 [0.8,1.1] | (0.01) 0.98 [0.8,1.1] | |
| Father Education(Reference category No Education) | ||||
| Primary | (0.09) 0.85*[0.7,1.0] | (0.06) 0.90 [0.8,1.0] | (0.06) 0.91 [0.8,1.0] | |
| Middle | (0.24) 0.65***[0.6,0.7] | (0.18) 0.71***[0.6,0.8] | (0.18) 0.72***[0.6,0.8] | |
| Secondary | (0.32) 0.56***[0.5,0.6] | (0.23) 0.64***[0.5,0.7] | (0.24) 0.65***[0.6,0.8] | |
| Higher | (0.50) 0.40***[0.3,0.5] | (0.40) 0.48***[0.4,0.6] | (0.40) 0.48***[0.4,0.6] | |
| Wealth index(Reference category Poor) | ||||
| Middle | (0.23) 0.64*** [0.7,0.8] | (0.24) 0.65*** [0.6,0.8] | ||
| Rich | (0.41) 0.47*** [0.5,0.6] | (0.40) 0.48*** [0.4,0.6] | ||
| HH size(Reference category HH size 3–4 members) | ||||
| 5–6 members | (0.05) 1.11 [1.0,1.4] | (0.05) 1.10 [1.0,1.3] | ||
| 7–8 members | (0.11) 1.23* [1.0,1.5] | (0.11) 1.22* [1.0,1.4] | ||
| > 8 members | (0.09) 1.19 [1.0,1.5] | (0.08) 1.17 [1.0,1.4] | ||
| Community Level Characteristics | ||||
| Ethnicity(Refernececategory Urdu) | ||||
| Punjabi | (0.08) 0.86 [0.7,1.1] | (0.08) 0.87 [0.7,1.1] | ||
| Saraikai | (0.03) 0.95 [0.7,1.2] | (0.06) 0.90 [0.7,1.2] | ||
| Others | (0.04) 1.08 [0.8,1.4] | (0.04) 1.08 [0.8,1.4] | ||
| Region(Reference category Urban) | ||||
| Rural | (0.11) 1.22*** [1.1,1.3] | (0.03) 0.93 [0.9,1.0] | (0.03) 0.94 [0.9,1.0] | |
| Sanitation facility(Reference category Unimproved) | ||||
| Improved | (0.08) 0.86* [0.7,1.0] | (0.08) 0.87* [0.8,1.0] | ||
| Drinking water facility(Reference category Unimproved) | ||||
| Improved | (0.07) 1.13 [0.7,1.5] | (0.07) 1.12 [0.8,1.5] | ||
| Water treatment(Reference category Treated) | ||||
| Untreated | (0.13) 1.26 [1.0,1.7] | (0.13) 1.25 [1.0,1.6] | ||
| Regional LevelCharacteristics | ||||
| Food Insecurity index(Reference category Food Insecure) | ||||
| Food Vulnerable | (0.14) 0.77* [0.6,0.9] | |||
| Food Secure | (0.19) 0.71*** [0.6,0.9] | |||
| Division(Reference category Rawalpindi Division) | ||||
| Bahawalpur | (0.24) 1.56* [1.1,2.2] | |||
| D.G Khan | (0.23) 1.51* [1.0,2.2] | |||
| Faisalabad | (0.20) 1.45** [1.1,1.9] | |||
| Gujranwala | (0.19) 1.41* [1.1,1.9] | |||
| Lahore | (0.35) 1.88*** [1.3,2.7] | |||
| Multan | (0.19) 1.41* [1.1,1.9] | |||
| Sahiwal | (0.18) 1.39* [1.0,1.9] | |||
| Sargodha | (0.07) 1.13 [0.8,1.6] | |||
| Constant | −1.43 (0.13)*** | 0.038 (0.02)*** | 0.040 (0.019)*** | 0.030 (0.010)*** |
| Level-1 (Household) | 1.18 (0.10)*** | 2.19 *** (1.2,3.7) | 2.17*** (1.3,3.7) | 2.18*** (1.3,3.7) |
| Level-2 (Community) | 0.53 (0,03)*** | 0.15 *** (0.08, 0.3) | 0.14*** 0.07,0.3) | 0.14*** (0.07,0.3) |
| Level-3 (District) | 0.37 (0.03)*** | 0.04 *** (0.02,0.1) | 0.03*** (0.01,0.08) | 0.004 (0.0,0.02) |
| Chi2 | (1005.94)*** | |||
Cohen’s d values are on the left side of each column in parenthesis
OR = Odds Ratio, CI = 95% Confidence Intervals in brackets. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
a = base model (unconditional three level hierarchical model), b = hierarchical model with child and parental characteristics, c = hierarchical model with child, parental and household characteristics and d = hierarchical model with child, parental, household and districts food insecurity index and division