Table 2.
Multivariable Statistical Modeling of Handgrip Strength: Comparing Participants Above and Below 16/27 kg (females/males), Walking Pace: Comparing Slow Pace to Steady Average Pace and Brisk Pace, Stair Climbing (flights of stairs climbed last 4 weeks comparing none to 1 or more than 1 times a day), Number of Falls: Comparing More Than one Fall Last Year to None or Only one Fall, and Health Care Burden: Number of Hospital Nights
| Odds ratios Functional Outcome | Group | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fat-Tissue Free Muscle Volume | Muscle Fat Infiltration | Fat-Tissue Free Muscle VolumeVCG | Muscle Fat Infiltration | ||
| Hand grip strength† (N = 612) | All | 0.63 (0.58–0.68)*** | 1.10 (1.04–1.16)*** | 0.64 (0.58–0.70)*** | 1.11 (1.06–1.18)*** |
| Females | 0.59 (0.52–0.67)*** | 1.07 (1.00–1.15)*** | 0.64 (0.56–0.73)*** | 1.08 (1.00–1.16)* | |
| Males | 0.65 (0.59–0.71)*** | 1.13 (1.04–1.23)*** | 0.62 (0.53–0.72)*** | 1.15 (1.06–1.25)** | |
| Stair climbing† (N = 758) | All | 0.90 (0.85–0.95)*** | 1.09 (1.03–1.14)*** | 0.83 (0.76–0.91)*** | 1.08 (1.02–1.13)** |
| Females | 0.82 (0.74–0.92)*** | 1.11 (1.04–1.19)*** | 0.77 (0.68–0.87)*** | 1.09 (1.02–1.17)** | |
| Males | 0.92 (0.85–0.98)* | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) ns | 0.87 (0.77–0.99)* | 1.04 (0.97–1.12)ns | |
| Walking pace† (N = 420) | All | 0.75 (0.69–0.82)*** | 1.27 (1.20–1.35)*** | 0.67 (0.60–0.76)*** | 1.26 (1.19–1.34)*** |
| Females | 0.61 (0.53–0.71)*** | 1.22 (1.13–1.32)*** | 0.66 (0.56–0.77)*** | 1.22 (1.13–1.32)*** | |
| Males | 0.84 (0.76–0.93)** | 1.33 (1.21–1.45)*** | 0.68 (0.56–0.82)*** | 1.30 (1.19–1.43)*** | |
| Number of falls† (N = 457) | All | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) ns | 1.13 (1.06–1.19)*** | 1.06 (0.96–1.18)ns | 1.13 (1.07–1.20)*** |
| Females | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) ns | 1.15 (1.07–1.24)*** | 1.05 (0.92–1.20)ns | 1.16 (1.08–1.24)*** | |
| Males | 1.02 (0.92–1.12)ns | 1.07 (0.96–1.18)ns | 1.08 (0.90–1.29)ns | 1.08 (0.96–1.19)ns | |
| Health care burden†† | All | 0.96 (0.91–1.01)ns | 1.10 (1.04–1.16)*** | 0.91 (0.84–0.99)* | 1.09 (1.03–1.15)** |
| Females | 0.88 (0.80–0.96)** | 1.08 (1.02–1.16)* | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) ** | 1.07 (1.00–1.15). | |
| Males | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) ns | 1.11 (1.03–1.20)** | 0.98 (0.87–1.11)ns | 1.11 (1.03–1.19)* | |
| Low ALM/ height2 | 1.09 (0.79–1.49) ns | 1.28 (1.06–1.56)* | 0.79 (0.52–1.21)ns | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) | |
| Low hand grip strength | 0.98 (0.81–1.20) ns | 1.14 (1.00–1.30)* | 0.80 (0.61–1.04). | 1.10 (0.97–1.26)ns |
Note: Values are odds ratios and associated confidence intervals. Models adjusted for (sex), age, visceral adipose tissue volume, and subcutaneous adipose tissue volume. Low ALM/height2 (ALM, appendicular lean mass assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) defined as below 6.0/7.0 kg/m2 (females/males); Low hand grip strength defined as below 16/27 kg (females/males) [3] †Logistic regression, ††Negative binomial regression. Level of significance:. p < .01, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001, ns = Nonsignificant; VCG = Virtual control group.