Table 3.
Estimated changes in fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) and hemoglobin A1c (percentage) levels per interquartile range increment of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 in all participants according to the presence of diabetes
Pollutant | Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)a | HbA1c (percentage points)a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p-value | β (95% CI) | p-value | |
Total | ||||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 0.22 (−0.31–0.75) | 0.419 | 0.05 (0.00–0.10) | 0.075 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 0.31 (−0.20–0.82) | 0.227 | 0.07 (0.02–0.11)* | 0.002 |
NO2 (ppb) | 0.85 (0.23–1.47)* | 0.006 | 0.01 (−0.02–0.02) | 0.579 |
No diabetes | ||||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 0.00 (−0.22–0.22) | 0.729 | 0.04 (0.02–0.06)* | p < 0.0001 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | −0.09 (− 0.30–0.12) | 0.383 | 0.06 (0.03–0.08)* | p < 0.0001 |
NO2 (ppb) | 0.36 (0.11–0.62)* | 0.004 | 0.01 (−0.01–0.01) | 0.618 |
Diabetes | ||||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 3.28 (0.60–5.97)* | 0.016 | 0.16 (−0.08–0.41) | 0.194 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 2.83 (0.27–5.38)* | 0.030 | 0.15 (−0.07–0.37) | 0.186 |
NO2 (ppb) | 3.32 (0.64–6.00)* | 0.015 | 0.05 (−0.11–0.21) | 0.529 |
*p-value < 0.05. The level of fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) per interquartile range increment at a moving average of 0–6 days in PM10 and PM2.5 and 0–7 days in NO2. The level of HbA1c (percentage) per interquartile range increment at a moving average of 0–60 days for each pollutant. aModel 3, adjusted for sex, age, education level, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, daily mean temperature, and humidity. CI, confidence interval; PM10, particulate matter < 10 μm; PM2.5, particulate matter < 2.5 μm; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; ppb, parts per billion