Table 1.
Maternal/Infant Characteristics and Intermediate Outcomes by Calculated Driving Time to Cardiac Surgical Center among infants with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Texas, 1999-2007
| All N= 463 |
<10 Minutes N=210 |
10-90 Minutes N=147 |
>90 minutes N=106 |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal/Child Characteristics | |||||
| Preterm – no. (%) | 59 (13%) | 22 (10%) | 18 (12%) | 19 (18%) | 0.07 |
| Birthweight <2500 g – no. (%) | 50 (11%) | 23 (11%) | 12 (8%) | 15 (14%) | 0.54 |
| SGA – no. (%) | 67 (14%) | 32 (15%) | 18 (12%) | 17 (16%) | 0.99 |
| Male sex – no. (%) | 303 (65%) | 146 (70%) | 90 (61%) | 67 (63%) | 0.18 |
| Maternal race/ethnicity – no. (%) | <0.001* | ||||
| White | 208 (45%) | 89 (42%) | 77 (52%) | 42 (40%) | |
| Black | 46 (10%) | 28 (13%) | 17 (12%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Hispanic | 199 (43%) | 87 (41%) | 50 (34%) | 62 (58%) | |
| Other | 10 (2%) | 6 (3%) | 3 (2%) | 1 d%) | |
| Median maternal age - years (IQR) | 26 (22, 31) | 27 (21, 32) | 26 (22, 30) | 25 (21,29) | 0.28 |
| Maternal education – no. (%) | 0.01 | ||||
| >12th grade | 176 (39%) | 90 (44%) | 53 (36%) | 33 (31%) | |
| 12th grade | 153 (34%) | 68 (33%) | 49 (34%) | 36 (34%) | |
| <12th grade | 127 (28%) | 47 (23%) | 44 (30%) | 36 (34%) | |
| Poverty by census tract ≥20% – no. (%) | 144 (31%) | 55 (26%) | 27 (18%) | 62 (58%) | <0.001 |
| Maternal birth country – no. (%) | 0.005* | ||||
| US | 337 (74%) | 149 (73%) | 115 (78%) | 73 (70%) | |
| Mexico | 91 (20%) | 37 (18%D | 23 (16%) | 31 (30%) | |
| Other | 28 (6%) | 18 (9%) | 9 (6%) | 1 d%) | |
| Median birth year (IQR) | 2003 (2001,2005) |
2004 (2002,2006) |
2003 (2001,2005) |
2002 (2000,2005) |
<0.001 |
| Birth era – no. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 1999-2002 | 200(43%) | 72 (34%) | 71 (48%) | 57 (54%) | |
| 2003-2007 | 263 (57%) | 138 (66%) | 76 (52%) | 49 (46%) | |
| Prenatal diagnosis – no. (%) | 180 (39%) | 138 (66%) | 28 (19%) | 14(13%) | <0.001 |
| TAPVR – no. (%) | 15 (3%) | 7 (3%) | 2 (1%) | 6 (6%) | 0.51 |
| Intermediate Outcomes | |||||
| Age at diagnosis – no. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| <1 day | 260 (58%) | 157 (77%) | 58 (42%) | 45 (43%) | |
| 1-2 days | 134 (30%) | 36 (18%) | 53 (38%) | 45 (43%) | |
| >2 days | 52 (12%) | 10 (5%) | 27 (20%) | 15 (14%) | |
| Pre-surgical decompensation – no. (%) | 35 (8%) | 11 (5%) | 11 (7%) | 13 (12%) | 0.03 |
| Median age at surgery - days (IQR) | 5 (3,8) | 5 (2,8) | 6 (4,8) | 7 (4,10) | 0.02 |
SGA: small for gestational age. IQR: interquartile range (25th percentile, 75th percentile). TAPVR: total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
*
Significant difference overall noted in multi-category group; for maternal race/ethnicity: <10 vs. 10-90 minutes p=0.32, <10 vs. >90 minutes p<0.001, 10-90 vs. >90 p<0.001. For maternal birth country: <10 vs. 10-90 minutes p=0.52, <10 vs. >90 minutes p=0.002, 10-90 vs. >90 minutes p=0.005.
Intermediate outcomes reported only for cases in which sufficient data were available.