Table 2.

Adjusted regression models on asthma outcome

		Model 1: log km		Model 2: within or outside 10 km		Model 3: within or outside 5 km
		Adjusted RR (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted RR (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted RR (95% CI)	p value
Distance		0·94 (0·89–0·99)	0·020	1·28 (1·08–1·51)	0·0045	1·41 (1·20–1·64)	<0·0001
Sex
	Male	..	..		..	..	..
	Female	1·51 (1·21–1·89)	0·0003	1·51 (1·21–1·89)	0·0003	1·51 (1·21–1·89)	0·0003
Population group
	White	..	..	..	..	..	..
	African	0·38 (0·25–0·56)	<0·0001	0·34 (0·23–0·51)	<0·0001	0·34 (0·23–0·50)	<0·0001
	Coloured	0·66 (0·42–1·03)	0·064	0·59 (0·38–0·91)	0·017	0·57 (0·37–0·88)	0·011
	Asian or Indian	1·01 (0·54–1·89)	0·98	0·93 (0·50–1·74)	0·83	0·93 (0·50–1·71)	0·81
Age category
	15–19 years	..	..	..	..	..	..
	20–24 years	1·47 (1·12–1·92)	0·0049	1·57 (1·19–2·08)	0·0014	1·58 (1·20–2·09)	0·0012
	25–29 years	1·07 (0·76–1·49)	0·71	1·11 (0·79–1·55)	0·54	1·10 (0·79–1·53)	0·59
	30–34 years	1·09 (0·77–1·55)	0·62	1·10 (0·77–1·56)	0·60	1·09 (0·77–1·55)	0·63
	35–64 years	1·47 (1·04–2·06)	0·028	1·54 (1·09–2·16)	0·014	1·52 (1·08–2·13)	0·017
	≥65 years	1·30 (0·85–2·00)	0·23	1·45 (0·95–2·22)	0·085	1·45 (0·95–2·20)	0·084
Marital status
	Single	..	..	..	..	..	..
	Living with partner	1·16 (0·86–1·57)	0·34	1·14 (0·84–1·55)	0·39	1·13 (0·83–1·52)	0·44
	Widow or widower	1·17 (0·89–1·54)	0·27	1·15 (0·87–1·53)	0·32	1·16 (0·88–1·53)	0·28
	Divorced or separated	1·22 (0·75–1·99)	0·42	1·15 (0·71–1·89)	0·57	1·18 (0·72–1·92)	0·51
	Never married	1·14 (0·89–1·47)	0·31	1·15 (0·88–1·48)	0·30	1·14 (0·89–1·48)	0·30
Highest educational attainment
	High school not completed	..	..	..	..	..	..
	Completed high school	0·78 (0·58–1·04)	0·089	0·81 (0·60–1·08)	0·15	0·81 (0·61–1·08)	0·15
	Beyond high school	0·54 (0·39–0·76)	0·0004	0·53 (0·38–0·75)	0·0003	0·53 (0·38–0·75)	0·0002
Employment status
	Unemployed	..	..	..	..	..	..
	Employed	0·94 (0·78–1·12)	0·48	0·91 (0·76–1·08)	0·28	0·91 (0·76–1·09)	0·29
Household income quintile
	1 (lowest)	..	..	..	..	..	..
	2	1·02 (0·85–1·23)	0·82	0·97 (0·80–1·19)	0·79	0·98 (0·81–1·20)	0·86
	3	1·17 (0·97–1·41)	0·10	1·11 (0·94–1·31)	0·22	1·12 (0·95–1·33)	0·19
	4	1·11 (0·91–1·34)	0·32	1·04 (0·83–1·31)	0·71	1·06 (0·85–1·33)	0·58
	5 (highest)	1·10 (0·86–1·41)	0·44	1·06 (0·78–1·43)	0·73	1·07 (0·80–1·43)	0·63
Residential area
	Rural	..	..	..	..	..	..
	Urban formal	1·51 (1·26–1·80)	<0·0001	1·46 (1·22–1·75)	<0·0001	1·44 (1·20–1·73)	0·0001
	Urban informal	0·99 (0·74–1·32)	0·93	0·93 (0·69–1·26)	0·66	0·95 (0·71–1·27)	0·73

The term “coloured” is used by Statistics South Africa,⁴⁹ a South African ethnic label that includes children and descendants from black-white, black-Asian, black-coloured, and white-Asian unions.⁵⁰ The regression model adjusted based on post-stratification weight (from final observation of the individual panel) to reflect more recent population estimates produced by Statistics South Africa. RR=relative risk.