Table 4.

Adjusted regression models on diabetes outcome

		Model 1: log km		Model 2: within or outside 10 km		Model 3: within or outside 5 km
		Adjusted RR (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted RR (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted RR (95% CI)	p value
Distance		0·92 (0·87–0·98)	0·0047	1·19 (1·02–1·40)	0·032	1·25 (1·05–1·49)	0·013
Sex
	Male	..	..	..	..	..	..
	Female	1·20 (0·97–1·47)	0·088	1·19 (0·97–1·46)	0·10	1·19 (0·97–1·47)	0·093
Population group
	White	..	..	..	..	..	..
	African	0·98 (0·62–1·57)	0·95	0·96 (0·61–1·50)	0·85	0·94 (0·60–1·46)	0·77
	Coloured	1·08 (0·63–1·85)	0·77	1·03 (0·62–1·73)	0·90	1·01 (0·61–1·69)	0·96
	Asian or Indian	1·82 (1·06–3·15)	0·031	1·80 (1·05–3·07)	0·031	1·76 (1·03–3·00)	0·038
Age category
	15–19 years	..	..	..	..	..	..
	20–24 years	1·15 (0·49–2·66)	0·75	1·53 (0·58–4·05)	0·39	1·52 (0·58–4·01)	0·40
	25–29 years	2·20 (0·80–6·07)	0·13	2·39 (0·85–6·74)	0·10	2·40 (0·86–6·73)	0·096
	30–34 years	4·13 (1·37–12·43)	0·012	4·35 (1·42–13·31)	0·010	4·33 (1·42–13·17)	0·0098
	35–64 years	12·30 (4·65–32·50)	<0·0001	13·02 (4·80–35·32)	<0·0001	12·85 (4·75–34·74)	<0·0001
	≥65 years	19·28 (7·11–52·33)	<0·0001	19·97 (7·19–55·50)	<0·0001	19·62 (7·08–54·39)	<0·0001
Marital status
	Single	..	..	..	..	..	..
	Living with partner	0·53 (0·35–0·81)	0·0028	0·53 (0·35–0·80)	0·0023	0·53 (0·36–0·80)	0·0022
	Widow or widower	1·01 (0·84–1·22)	0·90	1·02 (0·84–1·23)	0·87	1·01 (0·84–1·22)	0·88
	Divorced or separated	0·91 (0·49–1·68)	0·76	0·91 (0·49–1·67)	0·75	0·92 (0·50–1·68)	0·78
	Never married	0·60 (0·48–0·75)	<0·0001	0·61 (0·48–0·76)	<0·0001	0·61 (0·48–0·76)	<0·0001
Highest educational attainment
	High school not completed	..	..	..	..	..	..
	Completed high school	0·93 (0·77–1·12)	0·47	0·95 (0·79–1·14)	0·56	0·95 (0·79–1·14)	0·56
	Beyond high school	0·60 (0·42–0·85)	0·0047	0·60 (0·42–0·85)	0·0044	0·60 (0·42–0·85)	0·0043
Employment status
	Unemployed	..	..	..	..	..	..
	Employed	0·86 (0·73–1·01)	0·061	0·84 (0·72–0·98)	0·030	0·84 (0·72–0·98)	0·032
Household income quintile
	1 (lowest)	..	..	..	..	..	..
	2	1·10 (0·93–1·29)	0·27	1·10 (0·94–1·29)	0·25	1·11 (0·94–1·30)	0·21
	3	1·37 (1·14–1·63)	0·0006	1·39 (1·16–1·65)	0·0003	1·40 (1·17–1·67)	0·0002
	4	1·45 (1·21–1·73)	<0·0001	1·46 (1·22–1·75)	<0·0001	1·48 (1·24–1·76)	<0·0001
	5 (highest)	1·36 (1·09–1·70)	0·0063	1·41 (1·12–1·77)	0·0034	1·42 (1·13–1·77)	0·0023
Residential area
	Rural	..	..	..	..	..	..
	Urban formal	1·35 (1·13–1·63)	0·0012	1·36 (1·13–1·64)	0·0013	1·36 (1·14–1·63)	0·0008
	Urban informal	0·98 (0·65–1·46)	0·91	0·98 (0·66–1·47)	0·92	0·99 (0·66–1·49)	0·97

The term “coloured” is used by Statistics South Africa,⁴⁹ a South African ethnic label that includes children and descendants from black-white, black-Asian, black-coloured, and white-Asian unions.⁵⁰ The regression model is adjusted on the basis of post-stratification weight (from final observation of the individual panel) to reflect more recent population estimates produced by Statistics South Africa. RR=relative risk.