Table 1. Metabolites with significant diet by time interaction.
| Metabolites | Class | Pathway | P | FDR | FC_CON | FC_CPB | KEGG | PUBCHEM | HMDB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| carboxyethyl-GABA | AA | Glu Metabolism | 0.0036 | 0.0284 | -1.22 | -1.8 | 2572 | 02201 | |
| Lysine | AA | Lys Metabolism | 0.0023 | 0.0211 | 1.14 | 2.37 | C00047 | 5962 | 00182 |
| 2-aminoadipate | AA | Lys Metabolism | 0.0056 | 0.0378 | -1.46 | 2.32 | C00956 | 469 | 00510 |
| Phenylalanine | AA | Phe and Tyr Metabolism | 0.0015 | 0.0147 | -1.53 | 2.8 | C00079 | 6140 | 00159 |
| N-acetylphenylalanine | AA | Phe and Tyr Metabolism | 0.0009 | 0.0105 | 1.02 | 2.16 | C03519 | 74839 | 00512 |
| 5-bromotryptophan | AA | Try Metabolism | 0.0048 | 0.034 | -1.02 | -1.64 | 96735 | ||
| N-acetylleucine | AA | Leu, Ile and Val Metabolism | 0.007 | 0.0456 | -1.06 | 1.5 | C02710 | 70912 | 11756 |
| S-methylmethionine | AA | Met, Cys, SAM and Tau Metab | 0.0006 | 0.0082 | -1.12 | 2.29 | C05319 | 458 | 38670 |
| methionine sulfone | AA | Met, Cys, SAM and Tau Metab | 0.0074 | 0.0471 | -1.36 | -3.41 | 69961 | ||
| Cystathionine | AA | Met, Cys, SAM and Tau Metab | 0.0002 | 0.0037 | -1.51 | 3.13 | C02291 | 439258 | 00099 |
| S-methylcysteine | AA | Met, Cys, SAM and Tau Metab | 0.0008 | 0.0101 | 1.52 | 2.92 | 24417 | 02108 | |
| Hypotaurine | AA | Met, Cys, SAM and Tau Metab | 0.0022 | 0.0199 | -1.27 | 1.86 | C00519 | 107812 | 00965 |
| Taurine | AA | Met, Cys, SAM and Tau Metab | 0.0048 | 0.034 | 1.29 | 3.89 | C00245 | 1123 | 00251 |
| Arginine | AA | Urea cycle; Arg and Pro Metab | 0.0042 | 0.0314 | -1.49 | 2.09 | C00062 | 232 | 00517 |
| Citrulline | AA | Urea cycle; Arg and Pro Metab | 0.0028 | 0.0239 | -1.01 | 2.09 | C00327 | 9750 | 00904 |
| 2-aminobutyrate | AA | Glutathione Metabolism | 0.0031 | 0.0255 | 1.29 | 2.69 | C02261 | 439691 | 00650 |
| gamma-glutamyl-alpha-lysine | Peptide | Gamma-glutamyl amino acid | 0.0017 | 0.0163 | 1 | 2.57 | 65254 | ||
| gamma-glutamylphenylalanine | Peptide | Gamma-glutamyl amino acid | 0.0011 | 0.0127 | -1.37 | 2.37 | 111299 | 00594 | |
| Anserine | Peptide | Dipeptide Derivative | 0.0013 | 0.0133 | -2.12 | -1.08 | C01262 | 112072 | 00194 |
| Glycerate | CHO | Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis & Pyruvate Metabolism | 0.003 | 0.026 | -1.59 | 1.33 | C00258 | 752 | 00139 |
| Ribitol | CHO | Pentose Metabolism | 0.0065 | 0.0436 | -1.51 | 1.62 | C00474 | 6912 | 00508 |
| 2-ketogulonate | CHO | Fructose, Mannose & Galactose Metabolism | 0.004 | 0.031 | -1.09 | 2.26 | C15673 | 50 | 11732 |
| N-acetylneuraminate | CHO | Aminosugar Metabolism | 0.0051 | 0.0352 | 1.6 | 3.44 | C00270 | 439197 | 00230 |
| caprate (10:0)+A25:J39 | Lipid | Medium Chain Fatty Acid | 0 | 0.0002 | 1.03 | 3.01 | C01571 | 2969 | 00511 |
| margarate (17:0) | Lipid | Long Chain Fatty Acid | 0.004 | 0.0304 | 1.17 | -2.31 | 10465 | 02259 | |
| 10-heptadecenoate (17:1n7) | Lipid | Long Chain Fatty Acid | 0.0015 | 0.0147 | 1.3 | -2.49 | 5312435 | 60038 | |
| oleate/vaccenate (18:1) | Lipid | Long Chain Fatty Acid | 0.0043 | 0.0315 | 1.28 | -2.19 | |||
| eicosapentaenoate (EPA; 20:5n3) | Lipid | Polyunsaturated FA (n3 & n6) | 0 | 0 | -1.49 | 3.07 | C06428 | 446284 | 01999 |
| docosapentaenoate (DPA; 22:5n3) | Lipid | Polyunsaturated FA (n3 & n6) | 0.0003 | 0.0046 | -1.34 | 2.71 | C16513 | 6441454 | 06528 |
| docosahexaenoate (DHA; 22:6n3) | Lipid | Polyunsaturated FA (n3 & n6) | 0.0002 | 0.0033 | -1.72 | 2.32 | C06429 | 445580 | 02183 |
| arachidonate (20:4n6) | Lipid | Polyunsaturated FA (n3 & n6) | 0.0021 | 0.0198 | 1.36 | -2.25 | C00219 | 444899 | 01043 |
| adrenate (22:4n6) | Lipid | Polyunsaturated FA (n3 & n6) | 0.0002 | 0.0037 | 1.62 | -2.12 | C16527 | 5497181 | 02226 |
| docosapentaenoate (n6 DPA; 22:5n6) | Lipid | Polyunsaturated FA (n3 & n6) | 0.0004 | 0.006 | 1.97 | -1.89 | C16513 | 6441454 | 01976 |
| mead acid (20:3n9) | Lipid | Polyunsaturated FA (n3 & n6) | 0.0012 | 0.0127 | 1.29 | -2.88 | 5312531 | 10378 | |
| methylpalmitate (15 or 2) | Lipid | FA, Branched | 0.0007 | 0.0082 | 1.1 | -2.76 | 17903417 | ||
| sebacate (decanedioate) | Lipid | FA, Dicarboxylate | 0.0013 | 0.0133 | 1.49 | 2.75 | C08277 | 5192 | 00792 |
| octadecanedioate (C18) | Lipid | FA, Dicarboxylate | 0.0067 | 0.0446 | 1.31 | -1.8 | 70095 | 00782 | |
| Eicosanodioate | Lipid | FA, Dicarboxylate | 0.0022 | 0.0199 | 1 | 2.48 | 75502 | ||
| Docosadioate | Lipid | FA, Dicarboxylate | 0.0002 | 0.0036 | -1.11 | 2.87 | C19625 | 244872 | |
| oleoylcarnitine (C18) | Lipid | FA Metab(Acyl Carnitine) | 0.0038 | 0.0295 | 1.03 | -2.41 | 6441392 | 05065 | |
| adipoylcarnitine (C6-DC) | Lipid | FA Metab(Acyl Carnitine) | 0.0027 | 0.0236 | 1.13 | -1.74 | 71296139 | 61677 | |
| margaroylcarnitine | Lipid | FA Metab(Acyl Carnitine) | 0.0012 | 0.0128 | -1.04 | -2.62 | 06210 | ||
| Deoxycarnitine | Lipid | Carnitine Metab | 0.0002 | 0.0037 | -1.11 | 2.51 | C01181 | 134 | 01161 |
| glycerophosphoethanolamine | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0.008 | 0.0486 | 2.15 | -1.23 | C01233 | 123874 | 00114 |
| 1,2-dipalmitoyl-GPC (16:0/16:0) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0006 | -1.85 | 2.54 | D03585 | 452110 | 00564 |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-GPC (16:0/18:1) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0007 | -1.3 | -3.45 | 6436017 | 07972 | |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPC (16:0/18:2) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0003 | 1.02 | -3.16 | 5287971 | 07973 | |
| 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (18:0/20:4) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0.0004 | 0.0059 | 1.25 | -2.16 | 16219824 | 08048 | |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (16:0/20:4n6) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0001 | 1.12 | -3.35 | 10747814 | 07982 | |
| 1-linoleoyl-2-linolenoyl-GPC (18:2/18:3) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0 | 0 | -1.34 | 3.3 | 08141 | ||
| 1-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:0/16:1) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0009 | -1.22 | -3.32 | 07969 | ||
| 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPE (16:0/20:4) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0.0002 | 0.0035 | 1.01 | -3.65 | 9546800 | 05323 | |
| 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-GPC (16:0/18:0) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0.0078 | 0.0477 | -1.61 | 1.97 | 07970 | ||
| 1-palmitoleoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPC (16:1/18:2) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0.0007 | 0.0084 | 1.28 | -1.94 | 08006 | ||
| 1-linoleoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (18:2/20:4n6) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0.0006 | 0.0082 | -1.25 | 2.22 | 08147 | ||
| docosahexaenoylcholine | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0.0027 | 0.0236 | -1.02 | 2.95 | |||
| 1-palmitoyl-2-gamma-linolenoyl-GPC (16:0/18:3n6) | Lipid | Phospholipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0009 | 1.08 | -3.4 | 07974 | ||
| 1-palmitoyl-GPC (16:0) | Lipid | Lysolipid | 0.0013 | 0.0133 | 1.65 | -2.1 | 86554 | 10382 | |
| 1-linoleoyl-GPC (18:2) | Lipid | Lysolipid | 0.0053 | 0.0367 | 1.38 | -2.34 | C04100 | 11988421 | 10386 |
| 1-arachidonoyl-GPC (20:4) | Lipid | Lysolipid | 0.0002 | 0.0036 | 1.83 | -2.38 | C05208 | 10395 | |
| 1-lignoceroyl-GPC (24:0) | Lipid | Lysolipid | 0.0002 | 0.0037 | -1.13 | 3.17 | 10405 | ||
| 1-oleoyl-GPE (18:1) | Lipid | Lysolipid | 0.0035 | 0.0278 | 1.27 | -2.54 | 9547071 | 11506 | |
| 1-linoleoyl-GPE (18:2) | Lipid | Lysolipid | 0.0002 | 0.0033 | 1.24 | -2.66 | 52925130 | 11507 | |
| 1-arachidonoyl-GPE (20:4) | Lipid | Lysolipid | 0 | 0 | 1.29 | -3.54 | 42607465 | 11517 | |
| 1-arachidonoyl-GPI (20:4) | Lipid | Lysolipid | 0.0028 | 0.0242 | 1.6 | -1.95 | 61690 | ||
| 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-palmitoyl-GPC (P-16:0/16:0) | Lipid | Plasmalogen | 0.0006 | 0.0077 | -1.28 | 1.23 | 11146967 | 11206 | |
| 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-GPE (P-16:0/20:4) | Lipid | Plasmalogen | 0 | 0.0003 | 1.25 | -3.17 | 11352 | ||
| 1-(1-enyl-stearoyl)-2-oleoyl-GPE (P-18:0/18:1) | Lipid | Plasmalogen | 0.0001 | 0.0026 | 1.03 | -2.7 | 11375 | ||
| 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (P-16:0/20:4) | Lipid | Plasmalogen | 0 | 0 | 1.15 | -3.43 | 11220 | ||
| 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-linoleoyl-GPC (P-16:0/18:2) | Lipid | Plasmalogen | 0 | 0 | -1.02 | -3.07 | 11211 | ||
| 1-(1-enyl-stearoyl)-2-arachidonoyl-GPE (P-18:0/20:4) | Lipid | Plasmalogen | 0 | 0.0004 | 1.17 | -2.59 | 9547058 | 05779 | |
| myristoyl dihydrosphingomyelin (d18:0/14:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0039 | 0.03 | -1.53 | 1.62 | 12085 | ||
| palmitoyl SM (d18:1/16:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0009 | 0.0111 | -1.24 | -3.14 | 9939941 | ||
| SM (d18:2/14:0, d18:1/14:1) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0001 | 0.0023 | -1.47 | 2.36 | |||
| SM (d18:2/16:0, d18:1/16:1) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0004 | -1.09 | -3.27 | |||
| SM (d18:1/18:1, d18:2/18:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0001 | -1.34 | -4.1 | 6443882 | 12101 | |
| SM (d18:1/20:0, d16:1/22:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0007 | -1.59 | 2.06 | 12102 | ||
| SM (d18:1/20:1, d18:2/20:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0076 | 0.0473 | -1.23 | 1.64 | |||
| SM (d18:1/21:0, d17:1/22:0, d16:1/23:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0011 | 0.0127 | -1.57 | 1.97 | |||
| SM (d18:1/22:1, d18:2/22:0, d16:1/24:1) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0001 | 0.0025 | -1.63 | 1.6 | 12104 | ||
| SM (d18:2/23:0, d18:1/23:1, d17:1/24:1) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0029 | 0.0245 | -1.54 | 1.79 | |||
| SM (d18:1/24:1, d18:2/24:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0005 | 0.0064 | -1.54 | 1.93 | 12107 | ||
| SM (d18:2/24:1, d18:1/24:2) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0002 | 0.0037 | -1.44 | 1.82 | |||
| N-stearoyl-sphingosine (d18:1/18:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0054 | 0.0367 | -1.2 | -3.07 | 5283565 | 04950 | |
| N-stearoyl-sphingadienine (d18:2/18:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0069 | 0.045 | -1.23 | -3.21 | |||
| lactosyl-N-nervonoyl-sphingosine (d18:1/24:1) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0013 | 0.0133 | -1.75 | 1.76 | |||
| SM (d18:2/23:1) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0 | 0 | -1.96 | 2.14 | |||
| SM (d18:2/21:0, d16:2/23:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0001 | -1.63 | 2.27 | |||
| SM (d18:2/24:2) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0003 | -1.29 | 1.86 | |||
| SM (d18:1/22:2, d18:2/22:1, d16:1/24:2) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0002 | -1.42 | 1.93 | |||
| SM (d18:0/18:0, d19:0/17:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0002 | 0.0033 | -1.32 | -3.54 | 12087 | ||
| SM (d18:2/18:1) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0 | 0 | -1.11 | -4.62 | |||
| SM (d18:1/19:0, d19:1/18:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0 | 0.0001 | -2.1 | 1.78 | |||
| N-stearoyl-sphinganine (d18:0/18:0) | Lipid | Sphingolipid Metabolism | 0.0076 | 0.0473 | -1.08 | -3.43 | 5283573 | ||
| 7-HOCA | Lipid | Sterol | 0.0003 | 0.0046 | -1.35 | 2.4 | C17337 | 3081085 | 12458 |
| ceramide (d16:1/24:1, d18:1/22:1) | Lipid | Ceramides | 0.0003 | 0.0046 | -1.93 | 2.38 | |||
| AMP | NT | Purine Metab, Adenine containing | 0.0044 | 0.0319 | 1.19 | -2.01 | C00020 | 6083 | 00045 |
| 2'-O-methylcytidine | NT | Pyrimidine Metab, Cytidine containing | 0.0032 | 0.0259 | -2.27 | 1.22 | 150971 | ||
| alpha-CEHC sulfate | CF_Vit | Tocopherol Metabolism | 0 | 0.0006 | -2.81 | 1.26 | |||
| gamma-tocopherol/beta-tocopherol | CF_Vit | Tocopherol Metabolism | 0.0002 | 0.0037 | 1.98 | -2.13 | |||
| retinol (Vitamin A) | CF_Vit | Vitamin A Metabolism | 0.0036 | 0.0284 | -1.09 | 1.56 | C00473 | 445354 | 00305 |
| perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) | Xeno | Chemical | 0.0013 | 0.0133 | -2.44 | 1.07 | C18142 | 74483 | 59586 |
| X– 11530 | Unknown | 0.0074 | 0.0471 | -2.27 | 1.04 | ||||
| X– 11538 | Unknown | 0.0014 | 0.0141 | 1.54 | -1.67 | ||||
| X– 11795 | Unknown | 0.0006 | 0.0077 | 4.09 | 2.14 | ||||
| X– 12117 | Unknown | 0.0001 | 0.0033 | 1.11 | 2.6 | ||||
| X– 13866 | Unknown | 0 | 0 | -1.44 | 2.87 | ||||
| X– 16580 | Unknown | 0.0003 | 0.0052 | -1.15 | -3.77 | ||||
| X– 19141 | Unknown | 0.0002 | 0.0033 | 1.14 | 4.14 | ||||
| X– 21785 | Unknown | 0.0011 | 0.0126 | 1.16 | 2.93 | ||||
| X– 23369 | Unknown | 0.0043 | 0.0314 | -1.59 | 1.48 | ||||
| X– 23678 | Unknown | 0.0075 | 0.0471 | 1.17 | -2 |
SM, sphingomyelin; AA, amino acid; CHO, carbohydrate; NT, nucleotide; CF_Vit, cofactors and vitamins; Xeno, xenobiotic; FA, fatty acid; FDR, false discovery rate; FC, fold change; CON, control diet; CPB, cardiac protection blend. KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; PUBCHEM, open chemistry database at NIH; HMDB, Human Metabolome Database. Negative fold changes represent decreases in concentration from baseline to 6 months.