Table 3.
The panel unit root test results
| Variables | CIPS | CADF | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level, I(0) | 1st difference, I(1) | Level, I(0) | 1st difference, I(1) | |
| lnREC | − 2.013 | − 5.299*** | − 2.388 | − 3.798*** |
| lnRES | − 2.004 | − 4.238*** | − 1.219 | − 2.389* |
| lnEI | − 2.154 | − 5.149*** | − 2.001 | − 3.634*** |
| lnACFT | − 1.854 | − 4.775*** | − 2.149 | − 3.287*** |
| lnIOPEN/lnIOPEN2 | − 2.634 | − 5.152*** | − 2.281 | − 3.346*** |
| lnCO2 | − 2.164 | − 4.825*** | − 1.307 | − 3.302*** |
| lnOIL/lnOIL2 | 1.719 | 4.701*** | 1.700 | 3.107*** |
| lnFDI | − 2.618 | − 4.133*** | − 2.436 | − 3.364*** |
| lnNODA | − 2.578 | − 5.658*** | − 2.819 | − 3.561*** |
| lnREMIT | − 1.969 | − 3.169** | − 2.512 | − 3.430*** |
| lnGNIPC/lnGNIPC2 | − 2.298 | − 2.760* | − 1.461 | − 3.590*** |
| lnCPI | − 2.408 | − 3.928*** | − 2.236 | − 3.685*** |
| lnSSE | − 1.897 | − 3.088** | − 1.355 | − 3.304*** |
| lnLIFE | 1.181 | − 4.723*** | − 2.218 | − 4.067*** |
| lnEC | − 1.084 | − 4.431*** | − 2.410 | − 3.640*** |
| lnIOPEN*lnREC | − 1.991 | − 5.247*** | − 2.248 | − 3.476*** |
| lnIOPEN*lnNREC | − 1.688 | − 5.437*** | − 2.314 | − 3.482*** |
The estimates are calculated considering trends and the optimal lags are based on SIC; ***, **, and * denote statistical significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% levels respectively