Table 2.
Mean scores of racial/ethnic discrimination measures and proportions of participants reporting racial/ethnic discrimination by sleep duration/quality at baseline, Sister Study (2003–2012)
| Sleep Duration Category | Sleep Debt | Napping ≥ 3 Days/Week | Insomnia Symptoms | High Poor Sleep Score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <7 hours | 7–9 hours | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
| % or mean ± standard deviation (SD) | ||||||||||
| Everyday | ||||||||||
| All | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.6) |
| Ever(yes) | 45.0 | 55.0 | 32.4 | 67.6 | 12.5 | 87.5 | 32.1 | 67.9 | 14.9 | 85.1 |
| Ever (no) | 25.9 | 74.1 | 23.8 | 76.2 | 9.8 | 90.2 | 25.5 | 74.5 | 8.1 | 91.9 |
| NH-White | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.2) |
| Ever (yes) | 28.6 | 71.4 | 28.4 | 71.6 | 11.0 | 89.0 | 27.6 | 72.4 | 10.0 | 90.0 |
| Ever (no) | 25.3 | 74.7 | 23.5 | 76.5 | 9.6 | 90.4 | 25.3 | 74.7 | 7.8 | 92.2 |
| NH-Black | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.1) |
| Ever (yes) | 55.5 | 44.5 | 34.6 | 65.4 | 13.5 | 86.5 | 35.0 | 65.0 | 17.9 | 82.1 |
| Ever (no) | 48.8 | 51.2 | 33.2 | 66.8 | 14.8 | 85.2 | 31.7 | 68.3 | 14.8 | 85.2 |
| Hispanic/Latina | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.9) |
| Ever (yes) | 40.5 | 59.5 | 33.6 | 66.4 | 11.8 | 88.2 | 31.0 | 69.0 | 14.2 | 85.8 |
| Ever (no) | 31.1 | 68.9 | 28.6 | 71.4 | 12.0 | 88.0 | 31.8 | 68.2 | 11.4 | 88.6 |
| Major | ||||||||||
| All | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ± SD | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.4) |
| Ever (yes) | 47.5 | 52.5 | 31.8 | 68.2 | 12.8 | 87.2 | 33.5 | 66.5 | 15.8 | 84.2 |
| Ever (no) | 26.5 | 73.5 | 24.2 | 75.8 | 9.9 | 90.1 | 25.7 | 74.3 | 8.3 | 91.7 |
| NH-White | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) |
| Ever (yes) | 31.2 | 68.8 | 28.2 | 71.8 | 12.0 | 88.0 | 28.6 | 71.4 | 11.3 | 88.7 |
| Ever (no) | 25.3 | 74.7 | 23.6 | 76.4 | 9.6 | 90.4 | 25.3 | 74.7 | 7.8 | 92.2 |
| NH-Black | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 0.9 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.9 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.8 (0.9) |
| Ever (yes) | 56.4 | 43.6 | 33.8 | 66.2 | 12.9 | 87.1 | 35.6 | 64.4 | 18.0 | 82.0 |
| Ever (no) | 51.1 | 48.9 | 34.8 | 65.2 | 14.8 | 85.2 | 32.7 | 67.3 | 16.1 | 83.9 |
| Hispanic/Latina | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2(0.60) | 0.2(0.60) | 0.2(0.60) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.6) |
| Ever (yes) | 44.2 | 55.8 | 30.8 | 69.2 | 14.4 | 85.6 | 37.0 | 63.0 | 15.9 | 84.1 |
| Ever (no) | 32.4 | 67.6 | 30.3 | 69.7 | 11.4 | 88.6 | 30.3 | 69.7 | 11.6 | 88.4 |
| Combined | ||||||||||
| All | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ± SD | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.2 (0.8) |
| Both | 52.4 | 47.6 | 33.6 | 66.4 | 12.7 | 87.3 | 35.9 | 64.1 | 17.7 | 82.3 |
| Either | 37.8 | 62.2 | 30.4 | 69.6 | 12.4 | 87.6 | 28.6 | 71.4 | 12.0 | 88.0 |
| None | 25.7 | 74.3 | 23.8 | 76.2 | 9.7 | 90.3 | 25.5 | 74.5 | 8.0 | 92.0 |
| NH-White | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) |
| Both | 31.1 | 68.9 | 31.5 | 68.5 | 13.6 | 86.4 | 31.9 | 68.1 | 14.0 | 86.0 |
| Either | 29.1 | 70.9 | 27.4 | 72.6 | 10.7 | 89.3 | 26.8 | 73.2 | 9.5 | 90.5 |
| None | 25.2 | 74.8 | 23.5 | 76.5 | 9.6 | 90.4 | 25.2 | 74.8 | 7.8 | 92.2 |
| NH-Black | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.2 (1.7) | 2.4 (1.8) | 2.4 (1.8) | 2.2 (1.7) | 2.4 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.7) | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.7) |
| Both | 56.8 | 43.2 | 34.2 | 65.8 | 12.7 | 87.3 | 36.4 | 63.6 | 18.5 | 81.5 |
| Either | 53.0 | 47.0 | 34.5 | 65.5 | 15.0 | 85.0 | 31.6 | 68.4 | 16.3 | 83.7 |
| None | 48.3 | 51.7 | 34.1 | 65.9 | 14.7 | 85.3 | 33.0 | 67.0 | 15.2 | 84.8 |
| Hispanic/Latina | ||||||||||
| Score, mean ±SD | 1.0 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.2) | 1.0 (1.4) | 0.8 (1.2) |
| Both | 44.9 | 55.1 | 31.0 | 69.0 | 11.4 | 88.6 | 37.3 | 62.7 | 16.5 | 83.5 |
| Either | 38.5 | 61.5 | 34.4 | 65.6 | 14.0 | 86.0 | 28.7 | 71.3 | 13.1 | 86.9 |
| None | 30.3 | 69.7 | 28.5 | 71.5 | 11.2 | 88.8 | 31.5 | 68.5 | 11.2 | 88.8 |
Note: Row percentages are presented.
Abbreviations: NH (non-Hispanic)
All sleep characteristics were self-reported. Sleep debt was defined as an average of ≥2-hour difference vs. <2-hour difference between longest and shortest sleep duration during the week. Insomnia symptoms included: difficulty initiating asleep (taking ≥30 minutes or more to fall asleep on average) or difficultly maintaining asleep (waking up ≥3 times/night ≥3 nights/week vs. <3 times/night <3 nights/week). High sleep score was defined as at least three of the following: short sleep duration, sleep debt, napping ≥3 days/week, difficulty initiating sleep, and difficulty maintaining sleep.
Everyday discrimination includes being treated unfairly in receiving service at a store or restaurant; being treated as though you were less intelligent, worthy, or honest than others; and experiencing people acting as if they are afraid of you due to race or ethnicity. Major racial/ethnic discrimination includes being treated unfairly in home renting, buying, or mortgage; treated unfairly in being stopped, searched, or threatened by police, or treated unfairly in job hiring, promotion, or firing due to race or ethnicity. Combined discrimination: Both = everyday and major discrimination; either = either everyday or major discrimination, but not both; and none.