Table 2.
Levels of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals measured in the formula-fed and breastfed children at the age of 1 year
| Formula-fed children (n = 21) | Breastfed children (n = 80) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | |
| PFOA (µg/L plasma) | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 1.6–6.4 | 16.8 ± 6.6 | 2.6–36.7 |
| PFOS (µg/L plasma) | 6.8 ± 3.4 | 2.8–19.3 | 15.2 ± 6.9 | 1.9–34.8 |
| PFHxS (µg/L plasma) | 1.7 ± 1.1 | < 0.25–3.8 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 0.3–7.1 |
| PFNA (µg/L plasma) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | < 0.25–0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | < 0.25–1.4 |
| I-TEq (pg/g fat) | 2.4a | n.a | 27.6 ± 15.1 | 1.7–107.0 |
| WHO-TEq (1998) (pg/g fat) | n.c | n.a | 59.7 ± 28.6 | 5.8–173.9 |
| ndl-PCBs (ng/g fat) | 25.2a | n.a | 449 ± 295 | 43–1489 |
| pp-DDE (ng/g fat) | 38.9a | n.a | 674 ± 501 | 50–2536 |
| HCB (ng/g fat) | < 20a | n.a | 189 ± 154 | < 20–826 |
| β-HCH (ng/g fat) | 10.9a | n.a | 60.1 ± 34.6 | 10.0–197.4 |
| Hg (µg/L blood) | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.23 ± 0.31 | 0.1–2.2 |
| Cd (µg/L blood) | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.04–0.39 | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 0.02–0.72 |
| Pb (µg/L blood) | 25.4 ± 13.0 | 9–57 | 36.1 ± 25.2 | 12–196b |
n.c. not calculated (most levels of PCBs below LOD), n.a. not available (pool analyses in part)
aCalculated from 5 individual and 2 pool analyses
bHighest level in part due to drinking juices from a metal cup; second highest value: 94 µg/L blood