Table 3.
Results from logistic regression models examining the association between baseline (ELSA wave 2, 2004–2005) arts engagement and odds of loneliness (UCLA-3 item ≥ 6) 10 years later (ELSA wave 7, 2014–2015), n = 3127
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
| Frequency of visits to the cinema (reference: never) | |||||||||||||||
| ≤ Once a year | 0.83 | 0.65–1.06 | 0.13 | 1.03 | 0.80–1.33 | 0.82 | 1.07 | 0.88–1.49 | 0.33 | 1.14 | 0.88–1.49 | 0.33 | 1.15 | 0.87–1.54 | 0.31 |
| Once or twice a year | 0.61 | 0.46–0.81 | 0.001 | 0.79 | 0.59–1.07 | 0.13 | 0.85 | 0.66–1.22 | 0.49 | 0.90 | 0.66–1.22 | 0.49 | 0.91 | 0.66–1.27 | 0.59 |
| ≥ Every few months | 0.60 | 0.46–0.77 | < 0.001 | 0.84 | 0.64–1.10 | 0.20 | 0.91 | 0.72–1.27 | 076 | 0.96 | 0.72–1.27 | 0.76 | 0.96 | 0.78–1.41 | 0.73 |
| Frequency of visits to galleries/exhibitions/museums (reference: never) | |||||||||||||||
| ≤ Once a year | 0.61 | 0.48–0.77 | < 0.001 | 0.71 | 0.56–0.91 | 0.007 | 0.77 | 0.60–0.99 | 0.038 | 0.82 | 0.63–1.06 | 0.13 | 0.86 | 0.65–1.13 | 0.23 |
| Once or twice a year | 0.50 | 0.39–0.66 | < 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.48–0.83 | 0.001 | 0.68 | 0.51–0.90 | 0.007 | 0.71 | 0.53–0.94 | 0.020 | 0.74 | 0.54–1.01 | 0.055 |
| ≥ Every few months | 0.41 | 0.31–0.55 | < 0.001 | 0.57 | 0.42–0.79 | 0.001 | 0.61 | 0.44–0.84 | 0.003 | 0.64 | 0.46–0.89 | 0.008 | 0.68 | 0.48–0.95 | 0.025 |
| Model 1: Frequency of visits to the theatre/concerts/opera (reference: never) | |||||||||||||||
| ≤ Once a year | 0.58 | 0.44–0.75 | < 0.001 | 0.66 | 0.50–0.88 | 0.004 | 0.71 | 0.54–0.94 | 0.018 | 0.75 | 0.56–0.99 | 0.046 | 0.75 | 0.55–1.02 | 0.07 |
| Once or twice a year | 0.48 | 0.37–0.63 | < 0.001 | 0.58 | 0.44–0.77 | < 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.47–0.84 | 0.002 | 0.68 | 0.51–0.92 | 0.012 | 0.69 | 0.50–0.95 | 0.021 |
| ≥ Every few months | 0.49 | 0.38–0.63 | < 0.001 | 0.64 | 0.48–0.84 | 0.001 | 0.70 | 0.53–0.93 | 0.015 | 0.76 | 0.57–1.03 | 0.08 | 0.84 | 0.61–1.15 | 0.27 |
Model 1 univariate, Model 2 demographic factors: Model 1 + gender, age, ethnicity, highest educational attainment, employment status, and net non-pension wealth, Model 3 health factors: Model 2 + health variables: eyesight and hearing problems, experiences of pain and long-standing illness status, Model 4 social factors: Model 3 + social contact, romantic relationship status, and engagement with community activities, Model 5 Model 4 + baseline loneliness score