Table 2.
Output of the generalized linear mixed models to analyze wolf habitat selection in Scandinavia, using the scores of the PC1 as response variable (variation in PC1 was mostly explained by Elevation).
| Type of location | Type of Home Range | Model rank | Model Coefficients | df | logLik | AICc | Delta AICc | Model weight | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All locations | KERN | 1 | Seasons | 6 | −36,7 | 87,6 | 0 | 0,60 | ||||
| Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | t value | |||||||||
| (Intercept) | 0,36291 | 0,04687 | 0,67895 | 2,297 | ||||||||
| Allopatric Winter | −0,38762 | −0,7811 | 0,00586 | −1,97 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Summer | 0,05266 | −0,50846 | 0,61378 | 0,188 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Winter | −0,9522 | −1,4583 | −0,4461 | −3,763 | ||||||||
| 2 | Seasons + Moose | 7 | −35,8 | 88,8 | 1,15 | 0,34 | ||||||
| Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | t value | |||||||||
| (Intercept) | 0,43673 | −0,15909 | 1,03255 | 1,466 | ||||||||
| Allopatric Winter | −0,38642 | −0,78402 | 0,01118 | −1,944 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Summer | 0,02202 | −0,58134 | 0,62538 | 0,073 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Winter | −0,98664 | −1,54896 | −0,42432 | −3,509 | ||||||||
| Moose | −0,25475 | −2,05037 | 1,54087 | −0,284 | ||||||||
| 3 | Null Model | 3 | −43,4 | 93,3 | 5,68 | 0,04 | ||||||
| 4 | Moose | 4 | −42,5 | 93,9 | 6,33 | 0,03 | ||||||
| MCP | 1 | Seasons | 6 | −34,3 | 82,8 | 0 | 0,53 | |||||
| Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | t value | |||||||||
| (Intercept) | −0,2327 | −0,5319 | 0,0665 | −1,556 | ||||||||
| Allopatric Winter | 0,226 | −0,141 | 0,593 | 1,232 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Summer | −0,2629 | −0,7983 | 0,2725 | −0,982 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Winter | 0,7697 | 0,2837 | 1,2557 | 3,168 | ||||||||
| 2 | Seasons + Moose | 7 | −33,1 | 83,4 | 0,57 | 0,4 | ||||||
| Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | t value | |||||||||
| (Intercept) | −0,4383 | −0,9983 | 0,1217 | −1,565 | ||||||||
| Allopatric Winter | 0,2164 | −0,1532 | 0,586 | 1,171 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Summer | −0,1832 | −0,7498 | 0,3834 | −0,647 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Winter | 0,8615 | 0,3321 | 1,3909 | 3,255 | ||||||||
| Moose | 0,7463 | −0,9443 | 2,4369 | 0,883 | ||||||||
| 3 | Null Model | 3 | −40,5 | 87,5 | 4,71 | 0,05 | ||||||
| 4 | Moose | 4 | −39,8 | 88,6 | 13,38 | 0,001 | ||||||
| Only moving locations | KERN | 1 | Seasons | 6 | −31,5 | 77,2 | 0 | 0,64 | ||||
| Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | t value | |||||||||
| (Intercept) | 0,387227 | 0,102661 | 0,671793 | −2,722 | ||||||||
| Allopatric Winter | 0,357956 | 0,027826 | 0,688086 | 2,169 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Summer | 0,001058 | −0,523912 | 0,526028 | 0,004 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Winter | 0,954532 | 0,46789 | 1,441174 | 3,923 | ||||||||
| 2 | Seasons + Moose | 7 | −30,7 | 78,5 | 1,24 | 0,35 | ||||||
| Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | t value | |||||||||
| (Intercept) | −0,4504 | −1,01538 | 0,11458 | −1,594 | ||||||||
| Allopatric Winter | 0,35728 | 0,02378 | 0,69078 | 2,143 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Summer | 0,02766 | −0,54028 | 0,5956 | 0,097 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Winter | 0,98447 | 0,44175 | 1,52719 | 3,628 | ||||||||
| Moose | 0,21745 | −1,51675 | 1,95165 | 0,251 | ||||||||
| 3 | Null Model | 3 | −39,8 | 86,2 | 8,98 | 0,007 | ||||||
| 4 | Moose | 4 | −38,9 | 86,8 | 9,58 | 0,005 | ||||||
| MCP | 1 | Seasons | 6 | −30,1 | 74,5 | 0 | 0,52 | |||||
| Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | t value | |||||||||
| (Intercept) | 0,05595 | −0,21069 | 0,32259 | 0,42 | ||||||||
| Allopatric Winter | −0,09552 | −0,4332 | 0,24216 | −0,566 | ||||||||
| SympatricSummer | 0,5935 | 0,12438 | 1,06262 | 2,53 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Winter | −0,44264 | −0,86248 | −0,0228 | −2,109 | ||||||||
| 2 | Seasons + Moose | 7 | −29 | 75,1 | 0,61 | 0,38 | ||||||
| Estimate | Lower limit | Upper limit | t value | |||||||||
| (Intercept) | 0,25888 | −0,22414 | 0,7419 | 1,072 | ||||||||
| Allopatric Winter | −0,08504 | −0,42502 | 0,25494 | −0,5 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Summer | 0,51485 | 0,02347 | 1,00623 | 2,096 | ||||||||
| Sympatric Winter | −0,53346 | −0,98548 | −0,08144 | −2,36 | ||||||||
| Moose | −0,7433 | −2,18704 | 0,70044 | −1,03 | ||||||||
| 3 | Null Model | 3 | −36,01 | 78,8 | 4,31 | 0,06 | ||||||
| Moose | 4 | −35,22 | 79,5 | 5 | 0,04 | |||||||
Habitat selection was analyzed for wolf territories sympatric or allopatric with brown bears, taking into account seasonality (winter vs spring-summer seasons), moose density, and wolf territory id (random factor). We tested models with two types of wolf GPS locations (using only moving locations in one set of models, and all locations in another set), and two proxies of habitat availability, i.e., building models with MCP and kernel methods (see Methods for further details).