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. 2020 Jun 12;8:479. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00479

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Copyright © 2020 Liu and Ying.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The diagram of lung injury caused by virus-induced cytokine storms. (A) The viruses attack alveolar epithelial cells and are recognized by dendritic cells and macrophages, which then release cytokines. (B) Cytokines and chemokines help white blood cells in the blood reach the alveoli. (C) Antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells) activate lymphocytes. Activated lymphocytes produce and release large amounts of cytokines while attacking infected alveolar epithelial cells. (D) Induce cytokine storm, and capillary leak syndrome. (E) Causes atelectasis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary congestion, and ARDS.