TABLE 3.

Mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) of the results for the pretest and posttest.

Traditional Learning (Control group)
	Pretest	Posttest
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Autonomy	4.09 (0.25)	4.15 (0.11)
Competence	4.10 (0.27)	4.61 (0.13)
Relation with others	3.53 (0.12)	3.49 (0.32)
Satisfaction/enjoyment	3.29 (1.02)	3.12 (0.32)
Extrinsic motivation	2.50 (0.73)	2.21 (0.83)
Intrinsic motivation	2.41 (0.51)	2.51 (0.60)
Boredom	3.31 (0.25)	3.50 (0.42)
Learning achievement		4.71 (1.91)
Gamified–Flipped Learning (Experimental group)
	Pretest	Posttest
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Autonomy	3.99 (0.14)	4.81 (0.21)
Competence	3.82 (0.37)	4.50 (0.33)
Relation with others	4.01 (0.24)	4.91 (0.12)
Satisfaction/enjoyment	3.62 (0.71)	4.71 (0.47)
Extrinsic motivation	2.51 (0.51)	2.91 (0.61)
Intrinsic motivation	2.11 (0.42)	3.60 (0.51)
Boredom	3.20 (0.15)	1.10 (0.52)
Learning achievement		4.90 (1.01)