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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 19.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2013 Feb;11(2):161–177. doi: 10.1586/erc.12.191

Figure 3. The muscle hypothesis of chronic heart failure.

Figure 3.

This paper presents some of the background evidence which leads to the hypothesis that a feedback loop links changes in skeletal muscle to abnormal reflex cardiopulmonary control, which may both limit exercise and be harmful in the progression of the syndrome.

?: It it is not completely known how left ventricular dysfunction causes a catabolic state. Reproduced with permission from [27].