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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 19.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2013 Feb;11(2):161–177. doi: 10.1586/erc.12.191

Figure 4. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of an elevated ratio of ventilation to carbon dioxide slope and methods by which inspiratory muscle training improves the elevated ratio of ventilation to carbon dioxide slope.

Figure 4.

VE abnormalities found during exercise in patients with heart failure.

IMT: Inspiratory muscle training; VE: Ventilation; VE/VCO2: Ventilation to carbon dioxide ratio.

Adapted with permission from [29].