Table 2.

Variants/mutations in Crohn's disease candidate genes and the alteration of intestinal microbiome

Ref.	Gene	Human/animal	Major findings
[6,19]	IL10	Il10-/- mice	Decrease in diversity and richness
			↑Proteobacteria and Escherichia coli (during onset of inflammation)
			↓Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes
Current study	IL10RA	Human cohort	Decrease in diversity and increase in variability
			↑Firmicutes, Enterococcaceae, Enterococcus, Lactobacillales, Bacilli, and Micrococcales
			↓Bifidobacteriales, Bifidobacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium, Veillonellaceae, Clostridiales, Clostridia, Selenomonadales, and Negativicutes
[4,7,20]	NOD2	Human cohort	↓Roseburia, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides and Bacteroidia
			↑Eubacteriaceae and Enterobacteriaceae
[21]	NOD2	Nod2-/- mice	Decrease in diversity and richness
			↑Bacteroides, Bacteroidaceae, and B.acidifaciens
			↓Proteobacteria, Helicobacter hepaticus, and Desulfovibro spp
[22]	ATG16L1	Human cohort	↑Fusobacteriaceae
[4]	CARD9	Human cohort	↓Firmicutes
[23]	CARD9	Card9-/- mice	Decreased stability
			↓Adlercreutzia, Actinobacteria, and Lactobacillus reuteri