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. 2020 Jun 19;17:195. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01846-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Palmitic acid–induced hypothalamic gliosis is attenuated by ablation of Myd88 expression in astrocytes. To identify the effect of astrocyte MyD88 on saturated free fatty acid–induced hypothalamic reactive gliosis, astrocyte-specific Myd88 KO mice (Myd88^△GFAP) and control Myd88^fl/fl mice were icv administered palmitic acid (50 pmol/2 μl), and their astrocytes and microglia were immunohistochemically analyzed with GFAP and Iba1 antibodies. a, d Representative images show palmitic acid–induced changes in hypothalamic GFAP-positive cells (a) and Iba1-positive cells (d) in Myd88^fl/fl mice and Myd88^△GFAP mice. b, c, e, f Number and intensity of GFAP-positive cells (b, c) and Iba1-positive cells (e, f) observed in the hypothalamic ARC of Myd88^fl/fl mice and Myd88^△GFAP mice after icv injection of palmitic acid or vehicle (n = 4–6 sections of 2–3 mice/group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001. ns, not significant. Scale bar = 100 μm