Table 1.
Characteristics of ART-Naïve and ART-Experienced Nigerian Men who have Sex with Men and Transgender Women at the Time of Genotypic Testing for Drug Resistance Mutations
| Characteristics | ART-Naïve (n=373) | ART-Experienced (n=42) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| <25 years | 205 (55.0) | 23 (54.8) | 0.98 |
| ≥25 years | 168 (45.0) | 19 (45.2) | |
| Gender Identity | |||
| Cisgender Man | 290 (77.7) | 33 (78.6) | 0.31 |
| Transgender Woman | 50 (13.4) | 3 (7.1) | |
| Other/Unknown | 33 (8.8) | 6 (14.3) | |
| Sexual Orientation | |||
| Gay/Homosexual | 137 (36.7) | 17 (40.5) | 0.85 |
| Bisexual | 235 (63.0) | 25 (59.5) | |
| Other/Unknown | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Education Level | |||
| Junior Secondary or Less | 30 (8.0) | 4 (9.5) | 0.93 |
| Senior Secondary | 214 (57.4) | 24 (57.1) | |
| Higher than Senior Secondary | 124 (33.2) | 13 (31.0) | |
| Unknown | 5 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Occupation | |||
| Unemployed | 79 (21.2) | 9 (21.4) | 0.17 |
| Student | 96 (25.7) | 6 (14.3) | |
| Professional/Self-Employed | 77 (20.6) | 10 (23.8) | |
| Entertainment/Hospitality | 42 (11.3) | 2 (4.8) | |
| Driver/Laborer | 11 (2.9) | 3 (7.1) | |
| Other/Unknown | 68 (18.2) | 12 (28.6) | |
| Marital Status | |||
| Single/Never Married | 325 (87.1) | 36 (85.7) | 0.43 |
| Married/Living with a Woman | 25 (6.7) | 5 (11.9) | |
| Living with a Man | 11 (2.9) | 0 (0) | |
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated/Other | 12 (3.2) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Site | |||
| Abuja | 195 (52.3) | 25 (59.5) | 0.37 |
| Lagos | 178 (47.7) | 17 (40.5) | |
| CD4 Count (cells/mm3) | |||
| >500 | 72 (19.3) | 7 (16.7) | 0.65 |
| 351-500 | 88 (23.6) | 10 (23.8) | |
| 201-350 | 81 (21.7) | 10 (23.8) | |
| ≤200 | 37 (9.9) | 7 (16.7) | |
| Unknown/Missing | 95 (25.5) | 8 (19.0) | |
| HIV RNA (log10copies/mL) | |||
| Median (IQR) | 4.75 (4.30-5.17) | 4.44 (3.64-4.80) | 0.002 |
| HIV Subtypea | |||
| CRF02_AG | 222 (59.5) | 21 (50.0) | 0.23 |
| CRF02_AG-containing Recombinants | 69 (18.5) | 7 (16.7) | |
| G | 42 (11.3) | 10 (23.8) | |
| A1 and A1-containing Recombinants | 25 (6.7) | 2 (4.8) | |
| Other | 15 (4.0) | 2 (4.8) | |
| Year of Sample Collection | |||
| 2013 | 86 (23.1) | 6 (14.3) | 0.17 |
| 2014 | 121 (32.4) | 17 (40.5) | |
| 2015 | 131 (35.1) | 16 (38.1) | |
| 2016 | 34 (9.1) | 2 (4.8) | |
| 2017 | 1 (0.3) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Previous ART Exposure | |||
| EFV/TDF/XTC | - | 28 (66.7) | N/A |
| NVP/ZDV/XTC | - | 10 (23.8) | |
| NVP/TDF/XTC | - | 2 (4.8) | |
| LPV/r/TDF/FTC | - | 1 (2.4) | |
| Unknown | - | 1 (2.4) |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; IQR, interquartile range; EFV, efavirenz; TDF, tenofovir disproxyl fumarate; XTC, emtricitabine or lamivudine; NVP, nevirapine; ZDV, zidovudine; LPV/r, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir. All data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise specified. P-values were calculated using Student’s t-test for HIV RNA as a continuous variable and Pearson’s Chi-squared test for all other variables. Statistically significant p-values (<0.05) are in bold.
HIV subtype categories are mutually-exclusive; recombinant viruses containing both CRF02_AG and A1 are included in the CRF02_AG-containing recombinants category.