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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 2.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2020 Jun 1;141(22):1800–1812. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.045033

Figure 2: Methods of Achieving Ketosis and Related Potential Cardiovascular Benefits.

Figure 2:

Popular, non-dietary ways of achieving ketosis include oral ketone ester drinks, intravenous ketone salt infusions, and SGLT2 inhibitors. Reported cardiovascular benefits related to the ketosis achieved are listed underneath with the corresponding patient population studied. Note that the role of ketosis as a mediator of the cardiovascular benefits observed with SGLT-2 inhibitors is speculative at this point. CV, cardiovascular; FA, fatty acid; HF, heart failure; LV, left ventricular; PVR, peripheral vascular resistance; SVR, systemic vascular resistance.

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