Table 1: Known RNA/RBP pairs that drive RNA localization.
Many additional RBPs and mRNAs are known to facilitate localization and be localized; however, we did not include those in this table since either the RBP component or the mRNA zipcode is unknown. abbreviations used: cytoplasmic polyadenlyation element (CPE), spliced oskar localization element (SOLE), exon junction complex (EJC), hnRNP A2 response element (A2RE), untranslated region (UTR), open reading frame (ORF), pumilio homology domain (PHD), RNA recognition motif (RRM), K homology (KH), double stranded RNA binding domain (dsRBD), arginine-glycine-glycine (RGG).
| RBP; RBDs (if known) | mRNA (species) | zipcode | transport mechanism | cellular function | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STAU; 4 conserved dsRBDs |
oskar (Drosophila) bicoid (Drosophila) vg1 (Xenopus) CamKlla (mammalian) |
3′ UTR (SOLE; EJC deposition) 3′ UTR and 5′ stem loops 3′ UTR (366nt) 3′ UTR (30nt) |
active transport (kinesin) with biased random walk active transport (dynein) and anchoring active transport (kinesin) and anchoring active transport |
germ line differentiation embryonic patterning embryonic development memory formation; dendrites |
183–186 88–90, 187 22, 188, 189 190–192 |
| ZBP1, VERA, IMP1; 2 RRM and 4 KH |
ActB (mammalian) vg1 and vegT (Xenopus) Tau (rat) |
3′ UTR, 5′-GGACU-3′ (4-8) and 5′-ACA-3′ (22-24) 3′ UTR (element X4) U-rich sequence |
active transport, diffusion, and anchoring active transport (kinesin) and anchoring active transport (kinesin) |
fibroblast movement and axon guidance embryonic endoderm differentiation axonal polarity maintenance |
23, 193–196 77, 197–200 201–203 |
| hnRNPA/B, Squid, Hrp48; RRM, KH, and RGG |
MBP (mammalian) gurken (Drosophila) oskar (Drosophila) |
3′ UTR (21nt A2RE) 5′ UTR 3′ UTR (SOLE; EJC deposition) |
active transport active transport (dynein) and anchoring active transport (kinesin) |
myelin sheath formation embryonic development germ line differentiation |
204, 205 34, 206, 207 208, 209 |
| CPEB | MAP2 (rat) ZO-1 (mouse) cyclinB1 and Xbub3 (Xenopus) | 3′ UTR CPE 3′ UTR (5 conserved CPEs) 3′ UTR CPE |
active transport unknown unknown |
microtubule assembly epithelial tight junction assembly and polarity mitotic spindle and division |
84 85 210 |
| Rump | nanos (Drosophila) | 3′ UTR (4 partly redundant regions) | diffusion, streaming, and anchoring | embryonic polarity | 16, 35 |
| ARC1 | Arc1 (mammalian) | 3′ UTR | active transport and exovesicles | synaptic plasticity | 179, 215–215 |
| She2/She3 | ASH1 (yeast) | ORFs and 3′ UTR | active transport (myosin) and anchoring | mate type switching | 11, 12, 211, 212 |
| Sec27 | OXA1 (yeast) | 3′ UTR and ORF | unknown | mitochondrial inner membrane biogenesis | 216, 217 |
| Puf3p; PHD |
COX17 (yeast) | 3′ UTR (UGUR motif) | unknown | mitochondrial biogenesis and motility | 218–220 |
| RBP-L/RBP-P; 3 RRM |
glutelin (rice) prolamine (rice) |
ORF (repeated motifs) and 3′ UTR (U-rich) ORF (repeated motifs) and 3′ UTR (U-rich) |
active transport active transport |
grain development grain development |
221, 222 221, 222 |
| FMRP; KH and RGG |
MAP1b and CamKlla (mammalian) | G-quadruplex | active transport | neurogenesis and memory formation | 140, 141, 223, 224 |
| SMAUG | hsp83 (Drosophila) | 3′ UTR | degradation and local protection | development; maternal transcript elimination | 19, 40 |
| LARP6 | ribosomal protein mRNAs (mammalian) | 5′ TOP | unknown | fibroblast protrusion formation | 58 |
| TDP-43; RRM and Gly-rich C-term |
NEFL and RAC1 (mammalian) | 3′ UTR | active transport | neuronal development and plasticity | 109, 225 |
| NOVA | girk2 (mouse) | intronic and 3′ UTR YCAY | unknown | spinal motor neuron dendrite activity | 226 |