Table 2. Interventions included in the ACE-Obesity Policy study.
Intervention and classification | Intervention description | Model specifications (target population, risk factors modelled, and duration of intervention/ effect maintenance) | Government Sector | Industry involved/ impacted | Jurisdiction for intervention implementation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol price increase: uniform volumetric tax [41] (regulatory) | Mandatory legislation to replace the current alcohol taxation system with a uniform volumetric tax equal to AUD1.07 per standard drink, applied across all alcohol products. | 14–100 year olds BMI Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Health, Industry, Treasury) | Alcohol producers, suppliers and retailers Bars and restaurants | Federal and state governments |
Community–based interventions [31] (program) | Co-ordinated program of community-level strategies to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Effectiveness limited to children. | 5–18 year olds BMI 3 years/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (across all local government sectors) | Local businesses | Local government Likely to require funding from state/federal government |
Financial incentives for weight loss provided by private health insurers (program) | AUD200 cash payment per year for five years contingent on meeting weight loss/maintenance goals alongside a one year commercial weight loss program. Eligibility limited to people with overweight/obesity, who have private health insurance with extras cover. | 18–100 year olds BMI 5 years/11 years | Health | Private health insurers | Federal government |
Fuel excise: 10c per litre increase [42] Regulatory | Mandatory legislation to increase the existing national fuel excise tax by AUD0.10 per litre. | 18–64 year olds BMI/PA/Injury Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Transport, Treasury, Regional Affairs) | Fuel producers and importers | Federal government |
Menu kilojoule labelling on fast food (regulatory) | Mandatory legislation for fast food outlets to display energy content of foods and drinks on menus accompanied by a government sponsored education campaign. | 2–100 year olds BMI Lifetime/lifetime | Health | Fast food | Predominantly state governments with input from the federal government |
National mass media campaign related to sugar-sweetened beverages (program) | Three-year national mass media campaign (12 six-week waves) to encourage reduced consumption of sugar sweetened beverages. | 18–100 year olds BMI 3 years/3 years | Health | Media | Federal government |
Package size cap on sugar-sweetened beverages [43] (regulatory) | Mandatory legislation to restrict the manufacturing of single-serve sugar-sweetened beverages (carbonated drinks) over 375ml. | 2–100 year olds BMI Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Health, Industry) | Beverage manufacturers | Federal government |
Reformulation in response to the Health Star Rating (HSR) system [44] (regulatory) | Impact of the government-endorsed voluntary HSR system on product reformulation. | 2–100 year olds BMI Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Health, Industry) | Food and beverage manufacturers | Federal and state governments |
Reformulation to reduce sugar in sugar-sweetened beverages [43] (regulatory) | Setting of voluntary targets for manufacturers to reduce the sugar content of sugar-sweetened beverages. | 2–100 year olds BMI Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Health, Industry) | Beverage manufacturers | Federal and state governments |
Restricting television advertising of unhealthy foods [45] (regulatory) | Mandatory legislation restricting unhealthy food and beverage marketing on free to air television until 9.30pm. | 5–15 year olds BMI Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Health, Communications) | Broadcasters, media and advertising | Federal government |
Restrictions on price promotions of sugar- sweetened beverages [46] (regulatory) | Mandatory legislation restricting the price promotion, temporary price discounts, and multi-buy specials of sugar-sweetened beverages (sugar-sweetened carbonated drinks, flavoured water, sports, energy, and fruit drinks; and cordials (concentrates) containing added sugar). | 2–100 year olds BMI Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Health, Industry) | Supermarkets, other retailers | Federal and state government |
School-based intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour (program) | Based on the Transform-Us! program [47]. Education and behaviour change techniques (e.g. standing lessons) and environmental strategies implemented by teachers in primary schools. | 8–9 year olds BMI/PA Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Health, Education) | None | Federal and state government |
School-based intervention to increase physical activity (program) | Based on the Transform-Us! program [47]. Education and behaviour change techniques (e.g. active breaks) and environmental strategies (e.g. active play equipment) implemented by teachers in primary schools. | 8–9 year olds BMI/PA Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Health, Education) | None | Federal and state government |
Sugar-sweetened beverages tax– 20% [21] (regulatory) | 20% sales tax applied to sugar-sweetened beverages (sugar-sweetened carbonated drinks, flavoured water, sports, energy, and fruit drinks, and cordial concentrates containing added sugar). | 2–100 year olds BMI Lifetime/lifetime | Multi-sectoral (Health, Industry, Treasury) | Beverage manufacturers | Federal government |
Supermarket shelf tags on healthier products (program) | Voluntary intervention to encourage and assist supermarket chains to install and maintain shelf tags to alert customers to healthier products (4.5 and 5 HSR products). | 2–100 year olds BMI 3 years/3 years | Multi-sectoral (Health, Industry) | Supermarkets | Predominantly state governments with input from the federal government |
Workplace intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour [48] (program) | Multi-component workplace-delivered intervention (information, standing desks, individual health coaching) to reduce sedentary behaviour and increase physical activity. | 18–65 year olds PA 1 year/5 years | Multi-sectoral (Health, Industry) | Desk work based workplaces | Federal and state government |
BMI: body mass index; HSR: Health Star Rating; PA: physical activity