Table 3.
Associations of Risk Factors with Developing Heart Failure (9701 Cases) Among the Study Cohort
| HR* | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | |||
| Demographics | |||
| Age (per 5 years) | 1.46 | 1.44 | 1.48 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Male | 1.22 | 1.17 | 1.28 |
| Race | |||
| White | 1.00 | Referent | |
| Black | 1.01 | 0.90 | 1.12 |
| Other | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.90 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.90 | 1.79 | 2.02 |
| Anemia | 1.27 | 1.21 | 1.34 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 2.22 | 1.97 | 2.50 |
| COPD | 1.87 | 1.76 | 1.98 |
| Depression | 1.02 | 0.95 | 1.09 |
| Diabetes | 1.72 | 1.64 | 1.80 |
| Hyperkalemia | 1.39 | 1.20 | 1.61 |
| Hypertension | 1.18 | 1.13 | 1.24 |
| Hypotension | 0.95 | 0.83 | 1.08 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.10 | 0.94 | 1.30 |
| Obesity | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.27 |
| Other dysrhythmia | 1.14 | 1.07 | 1.22 |
| Psychosis | 0.99 | 0.94 | 1.04 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.95 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 1.26 | 1.06 | 1.50 |
| Valvular heart disease | 1.45 | 1.32 | 1.59 |
| Sleep apnea | 1.11 | 0.98 | 1.27 |
| Smoking | 1.33 | 1.22 | 1.44 |
| Stroke | 1.27 | 1.16 | 1.39 |
| TIA | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.94 |
| Angina | 1.17 | 1.06 | 1.30 |
| Renal insufficiency | 1.15 | 0.98 | 1.36 |
| Chronic renal disease | 1.58 | 1.46 | 1.71 |
Note: *Adjusted for all other risk factors listed in the table.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack.