Table 3.

Patient concomitant medications

A patient’s concomitant medications were recorded on day of consent. Patients could be on multiple medications in one category; however, for ease of representation and comparison of groups, these were aggregated and counted as one for each category.

Drug category	Healthy control (%) (n = 16)	Case control (%) (n = 20)	Initial CDI (%) (n = 20)	Recurrent CDI (%) (n = 20)
ACE inhibitor	0 (0/16)	25 (5/20)	30 (6/20)	20 (4/20)
Beta-blocker	6.2 (1/16)	60 (12/20)	35 (7/20)	35 (7/20)
Probiotic	0 (0/16)	20 (4/20)	25 (5/20)	40 (8/20)
Proton pump inhibitor	18.8 (3/16)	55 (11/20)	70 (14/20)	55 (11/20)
Statin	0 (0/16)	50 (10/20)	20 (4/20)	30 (6/20)
Allergy medications	6.2 (1/16)	30 (6/20)	25 (5/20)	20 (4/20)
Anti-epileptics	6.2 (1/16)	40 (8/20)	35 (7/20)	30 (6/20)
Blood thinner	6.2 (1/16)	65 (13/20)	65 (13/20)	60 (12/20)
Diuretic	6.2 (1/16)	15 (3/20)	35 (7/20)	25 (5/20)
Narcotics	6.2 (1/16)	45 (9/20)	40 (8/20)	60 (12/20)
Pain (non-narcotic)	12.5 (2/16)	30 (6/20)	30 (6/20)	20 (4/20)
Stool laxative	6.2 % (1/16)	45 % (9/20)	25 % (5/20)	10 % (2/20)*
SSRI/SNRI†	25 % (4/16)	35 % (7/20)	30 % (6/20)	25 % (5/20)
Thyroid medications	6.2 % (1/16)	35 % (7/20)	10 % (2/20)	20 % (4/20)
Antibiotics/antifungals	0 % (0/16)	40 % (8/20)	100 % (20/20)‡	100 % (20/20)‡
Anti-emetic	0 % (0/16)	45 % (9/20)	25 % (5/20)	25 % (5/20)
Anti-psychotic	0 % (0/16)	20 % (4/20)	15 % (3/20)	10 % (2/20)
Benzodiazepine	0 % (0/16)	45 % (9/20)	30 % (6/20)	35 % (7/20)
Insulin	0 % (0/16)	50 % (10/20)	35 % (7/20)	45 % (9/20)
Gastrointestinal prokinetic	0 % (0/16)	20 % (4/20)	25 % (5/20)	15 % (3/20)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	25 % (4/16)	0 % (0/20)	5 % (1/20)	5 % (1/20)
Respiratory medication	0 % (0/16)	45 % (9/20)	40 % (8/20)	40 % (8/20)
Vitamins/minerals	43.7 % (7/16)	60 % (12/20)	70 % (14/20)	75 % (15/20)

^*P<0.05 Recurrent vs case controls.

^†Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin–norepinephrin reuptake inhibitors.

^‡P<0.0001 Recurrent vs case control and initial vs case control.