Table 4.

Recommendatory built-environment design parameters.

Indicators	Literature	Specification	CFD simulations of hypothetical scenarios	Recommendations and implications
Height of buildings	(Ng, 2010)	Existing scenario: 20 blocks (G + 7)		Differential heights within housing compound increase air ventilation turbulence over the urban fabric, particularly on windward facades of buildings.
		Hypothetical •8 blocks (Ground + 9) •8 blocks (Ground + 6) 4 blocks (Ground + 5)
Open space	(Bardhan et al., 2018)	Existing scenario: No open space		Community spaces/play areas within 6–8 buildings promote adequate ventilation. Development plots should be laid out and oriented by introducing non-building areas. Increases social interaction.
		Hypothetical 5 buildings removed to create open space
Side alleys	(Shishegar, 2013)	Existing scenario: •3 m H/W ratio: 25/6 = 8.33		Increased side alleys width shallow street canyon should be provided so that air can reach inner parts of urbanized areas particularly at lower floors of high-rises. Increases safety, and reduces community vulnerability.
		Hypothetical: •12 m H/W ratio: 25/12 = 2.08
Interior alleys	(Zhou et al., 2014)	Existing scenario: •No opening in corridor		Staggered placement of tenement units increases the obstructions in the air path creating turbulence and distributes high-velocity zones near the tenement units and outlets. Increased cross ventilation in corridor increases ventilation within tenement units through a ventilator. Increases the possibility of higher social interaction level in corridors.
		Hypothetical: Openings at end of corridor and beside the stair-well
Kitchen + toilet + living and bed room	(Lee & Awbi, 1999)	Existing scenario: •Unsegregated kitchen, No cross-ventilation when door remains closed		The partition wall between kitchen and bedroom, installed exhaust fans or ventilator in kitchen area dispose of polluted air better.
		Hypothetical: •Segregated kitchen •Ventilator added