. 2020 Mar 3;50(7):1271–1315. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01268-x

Table 5.

Hypotheses testing for construct validity and responsiveness of PA questionnaires for older adults

Questionnaire	Study population (n) for analysis	Comparison measure (type, placement, registration period [valid week], epoch length, cut points)	Results	Study quality and result rating^a
AAFQ English version Neuhouser et al. [65]	450	DLW	Total (PAEE): R² = 7.6% (24.0% when corrected for measurement error)	1−
AAS English version Vandelanotte et al. [77]	n_{50–64 years of age} = 186, n_{over 65 years of age} = 132	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X, hip, waking hours of 7 days [5 days], 1 s, Freedson et al. [136]	50–64 years of age
			Moderate: ρ = 0.24 [0.10–0.38]	1−
			Vigorous: ρ = 0.41 [0.27–0.54]	1−
			Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.28 [0.15–0.43]	1−
			Over 65 years of age
			Moderate: ρ = 0.20 [0.02–0.37]	1−
			Vigorous: ρ = 0.20 [0.02–0.38]	1−
			Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.21 [0.05–0.38]	1−
	n_{50–64 years of age} = 134, n_{over 65 years of age} = 104	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X, hip, waking hours of 7 days [5 days], 1 s, Freedson et al. [136]	Responsiveness:
			50–64 years of age
			Moderate: ρ = 0.36 [0.19–0.51]	1−
			Vigorous: ρ = 0.12 [− 0.07 to 0.30]	1−
			Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.36 [0.20–0.51]	1−
			Over 65 years of age
			Moderate: ρ = 0.32 [0.12–0.50]	1−
			Vigorous: ρ = 0.31 [0.13–0.47]	1−
			Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.34 [0.13–0.51]	1−
AAS English version Freene et al. [55]	n_{first group} = 39, n_{second group} = 37	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT1M, hip, waking hours of 7 days [4 days], 5 s, Freedson et al. [136])	No minimum bout length
			Total (LTPA)^b: ρ = 0.56; ρ = 0.49	3+ 3+
			Moderate (LTPA, including walking)^b: ρ = 0.56; ρ = 0.55	3+ 3+
			Vigorous (LTPA)^b: ρ = 0.33; ρ = − 0.08	3− 3−
			Classification of LTPA (active/inactive)^b: φ = 0.41; φ = 0.16
			10-min minimum bout length
			Total (LTPA)^b: ρ = 0.56; ρ = 0.64	3+ 3+
			Moderate (LTPA, including walking)^b: ρ = 0.63; ρ = 0.64	3+ 3+
			Vigorous (LTPA)^c: ρ = 0.17	3−
			Classification of LTPA (active/inactive)^b: φ = 0.47; φ = 0.21
AAS English version Heesch et al. [58]	50	Pedometer (Yamax SW-200, waking hours of 7 days [4 days])	Total (LTPA): ρ = 0.42	3+
			Moderate-to-vigorous (LTPA, excluding walking): ρ = 0.31	3−
			Walking (LTPA): ρ = 0.42	1−
ACLS-PALS English version Banda et al. [46]	71	Accelerometer (Actical, waist, 7 days [4 days], 60 s, Hooker et al. [137])	1-min minimum bout length
			Total (Exercise): r = 0.55 [0.35–0.75]	1+
			Classification (active/inactive): κ = 0.38 [0.16–0.60]
			10-min minimum bout length
			Total (Exercise): r = 0.49 [0.29–0.70]	1−
			Classification (active/inactive): κ = 0.15 [0.03–0.28]
ACLS-PASS English version Banda et al. [46]	71	Accelerometer (Actical, waist, 7 days [4 days], 60 s, Hooker et al. [137])	1-min minimum bout length
			Moderate-to-vigorous: r = 0.53 [0.32–0.73]	1+
			Classification (active/inactive): κ = 0.26 [0.04–0.48]
			10-min minimum bout length
			Moderate-to-vigorous: r = 0.37 [0.15–0.60]	1−
			Classification (active/inactive): κ = 0.04 [ − 0.04 to 0.11]
Active-Q Swedish version Bonn et al. [48]	148	Accelerometer (GENEA, wrist, two times for 7 days [6 days/week], 60 s, Bonn et al. [48])	Light: ρ = 0.15 [0.00–0.31]	1−
			Moderate: ρ = 0.27 [0.12–0.42]	1−
			Vigorous: ρ = 0.54 [0.42–0.67]	1+
			Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.35 [0.21–0.48]	1−
			Sedentary-to-light: ρ = 0.35 [0.19–0.51]
			Sedentary: ρ = 0.19 [0.04–0.34]
			Moderate (classification based on quartiles): κ = 0.16
			Vigorous (classification based on quartiles): κ = 0.39
			Moderate-to-vigorous (classification based on quartiles): κ = 0.22
			Light: $\bar{d}$ = 87, LOA = − 398 to 571 (min/day)
			Moderate: $\bar{d}$ = 76, LOA = − 157 to 309 (min/day)
			Vigorous: $\bar{d}$ = 15, LOA = − 33 to 64 (min/day)
			Moderate-to-vigorous: $\bar{d}$ = 91, LOA = − 147 to 329 (min/day)
			Sedentary-to-light: $\bar{d}$ = − 91, LOA = − 329 to 146 (min/day)
			Sedentary: $\bar{d}$ = − 178, LOA = − 606 to 250 (min/day)
BRHS English version Jefferis et al. [62]	1377	Accelerometer (Actigraph, GT3X, hip, waking hours of 7 days [3 days], Copeland et al. [138])	Total (compared to cpm; steps; MVPA): ρ = 0.49; ρ = 0.49; ρ = 0.49	1− 3+ 2+
Cambridge Index English version España-Romero et al. [53]	1689	Accelerometer + heart rate (Actiheart/Red Dot 2570: 3M, 5 days [48 h], 30 s, individual/group calibration)	Women
			Total (compared to MVPA; PAEE): ρ = 0.21; ρ = 0.17	2− 1−
			Men
			Total (compared to MVPA; PAEE): ρ = 0.24; ρ = 0.25	2− 1−
CHAMPS English version Colbert et al. [49]	56	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT1M, waist, waking hours of 10 days [≥ 10 h for any day], 10 s, Crouter et al. [139])	Total (PAEE): ρ = 0.52	2+
	56	DLW	Total (PAEE): ρ = 0.28	1−
			Total (PAI): ρ = 0.23	1−
			Total (PAEE): LOA^d = − 968 to 130 (− 419 ± 1.96*280 kcal/day)
CHAMPS Modified English version Hekler et al. [59]	850	Accelerometer (Actigraph models 7164 and 71256, waist, waking hours of 7 days [5 days], 60 s, Freedson et al. [136], Copeland et al. [138])	Total (duration): ρ = 0.38	1−
			Total (PAEE): ρ = 0.39	2−
			Low-light (duration): ρ = 0.06	1−
			High-light (duration): ρ = 0.27	1−
			Moderate-to-vigorous (duration): ρ = 0.37	1−
			Moderate-to-vigorous (PAEE): ρ = 0.38	1−
			Sedentary (duration): ρ = 0.12
			Total (duration): $\bar{d}$ = 618, LOA = − 504 to 1740 (min/week)
			Low-light (duration): $\bar{d}$ = − 473, LOA = − 1937 to 992 (min/week)
			High-light (duration): $\bar{d}$ = 396, LOA = − 346 to 1137 (min/week)
			Moderate-to-vigorous (duration): $\bar{d}$ = 222, LOA = − 403 to 848 (min/week)
EPAQ2 Modified English version España-Romero et al. [53]	1689	Accelerometer + heart rate (Actiheart/Red Dot 2570: 3M, 5 days [48 h], 30 s, individual/group calibration)	Women
			Total (PAEE)^e: ρ = 0.26	1−
			Light: ρ = 0.12	1−
			Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.36	1−
			Sedentary: ρ = 0.18
			Total (PAEE)^e: $\bar{d}$ = 29, LOA = − 39 to 95 (kJ/kg/day)
			Light: $\bar{d}$ = − 60, LOA = − 368 to 247 (min/day)
			Moderate-to-vigorous: $\bar{d}$ = 55, LOA = − 117 to 228 (min/day)
			Sedentary: $\bar{d}$ = − 6.0, LOA = − 10.9 to 1.0 (h/day)
			Men
			Total (PAEE)^e: ρ = 0.27	1−
			Light: ρ = 0.15	1−
			Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.30	1−
			Sedentary: ρ = 0.17
			Total (PAEE): $\bar{d}$ = 32, LOA = − 62 to 123 (kJ/kg/day)
			Light: $\bar{d}$ = – 172, LOA = − 455 to 111 (min/day)
			Moderate-to-vigorous: $\bar{d}$ = 91, LOA = − 160 to 342 (min/day)
			Sedentary: $\bar{d}$ = − 4.6, LOA = − 10.6 to 1.3 (h/day)
GPPAQ English version Ahmad et al. [44]	289	Accelerometer (Actigraph, GT3X+, waist, waking hours of 7 days [5 days], 5 s, Freedson et al. [136])	Classification (active/inactive): Sensitivity = 19%	Not rated
			Classification (active/inactive): Specificity = 85%
			Classification (active/inactive; including walking): Sensitivity = 39%
			Classification (active/inactive; including walking): Specificity = 70%
IPAQ-E Swedish version Hurtig-Wennlöf et al. [60]	54	Accelerometer (Actigraph GT1M, waist, waking hours of 7 days [4 days], 15 s, Matthews et al.[140], Swartz et al. [141], Troiano et al. [142])	Moderate^f: ρ = 0.47; ρ = 0.17; ρ = 0.40	1− 1− 1−
			Moderate plus walking^f: ρ = 0.42, ρ = 0.34, ρ = 0.41	1− 1− 1−
			Vigorous: ρ = 0.37	1−
			Walking: ρ = 0.30	2−
			Sitting: ρ = 0.28
			Classification (active/inactive): κ = 0.45 [0.18–0.72], Sensitivity = 81%, Specificity = 85%
IPAQ-LF English version Cleland et al. [78]	226	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, waist, waking hours of 7 days [5 days], 15 s, Copeland et al. [138])	Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.52	1+
IPAQ-LF English version Cleland et al. [78]	226		Moderate-to-vigorous: $\bar{d}$ = − 100, LOA = 1766 to − 1965 (min/week)
IPAQ-LF Modified Dutch version Winckers et al. [74]	196	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, hip, waking hours of 7 days [5 days])	Total (PAEE): ρ = 0.16	3−
			Moderate-to-vigorous (compared with Actigraph total counts): ρ = 0.27	2−
			Moderate-to-vigorous (compared with Actigraph MVPA): ρ = 0.16	1−
IPAQ-SF English version Grimm et al. [56]	127	Accelerometer (ActiGraph 7164, hip, waking hours of 7 days [5 days], 60 s, Crouter et al. [139], Freedson et al. [136], Matthews et al. [140])	No minimum bout length:
			Total (PAEE): ρ = 0.24	3−
			Moderate: ρ = 0.16	1−
			Vigorous: ρ = 0.18	1−
			Walking: ρ = 0.29	3−
			Sitting: ρ = 0.36
			Classification (active/passive): κ = 0.02
			10-min minimum bout length:
			Total (PAEE): ρ = 0.17	3−
			Moderate: ρ = 0.04	1−
			Vigorous: ρ = 0.17	1−
			Walking: ρ = 0.28	3−
			Classification (active/passive): κ = 0.10
			Moderate lifestyle: $\bar{d}$ = − 15, LOA = − 214 to 184 (min/day)
			Moderate walking: $\bar{d}$ = − 27, LOA = − 143 to 90 (min/day)
			Vigorous: $\bar{d}$ = − 43, LOA = − 176 to 90 (min/day)
			Sitting: $\bar{d}$ = 262, LOA = − 84 to 608 (min/day)
IPAQ-SF Japanese version Tomioka et al. [72]	306 (n_{women+aged 65–74} = 84; n_{men+aged 65–74} = 76; n_{women+aged 75–89} = 69; n_{men+aged 75–89} = 77)	Accelerometer (Kenz Lifecorder PLUS, waist, waking hours of at least 28 days [14 days], Tomioka et al. [72])	Total (PAEE; age group: 65–74): ρ_men = 0.42, ρ_women = 0.49	2− 2−
			Total (PAEE; age group: 75–89): ρ_men = 0.53, ρ_women = 0.49	2+ 2−
			Moderate (age group: 65–74): ρ_men = 0.26, ρ_women = 0.13	2− 2−
			Moderate (age group: 75–89): ρ_men = 0.05, ρ_women = 0.03	2− 2−
			Vigorous (age group: 65–74): ρ_men = 0.25, ρ_women = 0.12	2− 2−
			Vigorous (age group: 75–89): ρ_men = 0.17, ρ_women = 0.17	2− 2−
			Walking (age group: 65–74): ρ_men = 0.30, ρ_women = 0.48	1− 1−
			Walking (age group: 75–89): ρ_men = 0.59, ρ_women = 0.55	1− 1−
			Classification (tertiles; age group: 65–74): κ_men = 0.50 [0.36–0.64], κ_women = 0.39 [0.22–0.56]
			Classification (tertiles; age group: 75–89): κ_men = 0.47 [0.31–0.63], κ_women = 0.47 [0.28–0.66]
IPAQ-SF Portuguese version Colpani et al. [50]	292	Pedometer (BP 148 TECHLINE, waist, waking hours of 7 days)	Total (PAEE): ρ = 0.11	3−
			Classification (active/inactive): κ = 0.11
			Classification (active/moderate/inactive): κ = 0.08
			Total: $\bar{d}$ = − 0.17, LOA = − 2.36 to 2.03 (Z scores of steps and MET_log)
LAPAQ Dutch version Koolhaas et al. [63]	1410	Accelerometer (GeneActiv, wrist, 7 days [4 days], White et al. [143])	Total: ρ = 0.30 [0.25–0.34]	1−
			Total: $\bar{d}$ = – 529, LOA^d = − 529 ± 1.96*1080 (min/week)
			Light: $\bar{d}$ = − 708, LOA^d = − 708 ± 1.96*484 (min/week)
			Moderate: $\bar{d}$ = 205, LOA^d = 205 ± 1.96*781 (min/week)
			Vigorous: $\bar{d}$ = – 26, LOA^d = − 26 ± 1.96*338 (min/week)
LAPAQ Dutch version Siebeling et al. [69]	88	Accelerometer (Sensewear Pro, upper arm, 14 days)	Total: r = 0.25 [0.07–0.44]	1−
			Mild: r = 0.05 [ − 0.16 to 0.24]	1−
			Moderate: r = 0.27 [0.07–0.48]	1−
			Vigorous: r = 0.01 [− 0.07 to 0.25]	1−
			Classification (active/inactive): AUC: 0.73 [0.59–0.86]
			Total: $\bar{d}$ = − 354, LOA^d = − 354 ± 1.96*1830 (min/2 weeks)
			Mild: $\bar{d}$ = − 267, LOA^d = − 267 ± 1.96*1423 (min/2 weeks)
			Moderate: $\bar{d}$ = − 234, LOA^d = − 234 ± 1.96*852 (min/2 weeks)
			Vigorous: $\bar{d}$ = 148, LOA^d = 148 ± 1.96*403 (min/2 weeks)
mLTPA-Q English version Fowles et al. [54]	32	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X, hip, waking hours of 7 days [4 days], Freedson et al. [136])	Moderate (LTPA): r = 0.53	3+
			Strenuous (LTPA): r = 0.18	3−
			Moderate-to-vigorous (LTPA): r = 0.56	3+
			Classification (active/inactive): Sensitivity = 73%, Specificity = 82%
			Moderate-to-vigorous (LTPA): LOA = − 223 to 262 (min/week)
Modified Minnesota LTPA-Q English version Sabia et al. [67]	3975	Accelerometer (GeneActiv. Wrist, 9 days [4 days])	Total (PAEE): ρ = 0.33 [0.30–0.36]	2–
			Mild: ρ = 0.21 [0.18–0.24]	2–
			Moderate: ρ = 0.25 [0.22–0.28]	2–
			Vigorous: ρ = 0.24 [0.21–0.26]	2–
			Walking: ρ = 0.21 [0.18–0.24]	2–
			Cycling: ρ = 0.15 [0.12–0.18]	2–
			Sports: ρ = 0.22 [0.19–0.25]	2–
			Gardening: ρ = 0.16 [0.13–0.19]	2–
			Do-it-yourself activities: ρ = 0.15 [0.12–0.18]	2−
			Housework: ρ = 0.09 [0.05–0.12]	2−
			Other: ρ = 0.07 [0.04–0.10]	2−
			Classification(tertiles): κ = 0.16
MVPA questions Swedish version Ekblom et al. [52]	948	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X and GT3X+, hip, waking hours of 7 days [4 days], 60s, Sasaki et al. [144])	Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.14	1−
			Classification (active/inactive): AUC = 0.57 [0.54–0.63], Sensitivity = 62%, Specificity = 56%
			Moderate-to-vigorous: Median difference = − 21, 5th to 95th percentile: − 81 to 111 (min/day)
NC85+PAQ English version Innerd et al. [61]	337	Accelerometer (GENEA, wrist, 7 days [5 days], Esliger et al. [145])	Total (low active group): ρ = 0.10	1−
			Total (moderate active group): ρ = 0.38	1−
			Total (high active group): ρ = 0.34	1−
NPAQ German version Bödeker et al. [47]	58	Pedometer (HJ-720 IT-E2, waking hours of 7 days [3 days])	Total: ρ = 0.45 [0.21–0.76]	3+
			Moderate: ρ = 0.22 [− 0.10 to 0.56]	3−
			Vigorous: ρ = − 0.05 [− 0.40 to 0.50]	3−
			Moderate-to-vigorous: ρ = 0.15 [− 0.18 to 0.48]	3−
			Walking (total): ρ = 0.49 [0.24–0.82]	1−
			Walking (within neighborhood): ρ = 0.43 [0.16–0.76]	1−
			Walking (within neighborhood for transport): ρ = 0.20 [− 0.11 to 0.51]	1−
			Walking (within neighborhood for recreation): ρ = 0.61 [0.41–0.998]	1−
			Walking (outside neighborhood): ρ = 0.29 [− 0.001 to 0.60]	1−
			Walking (outside neighborhood for transport): ρ = 0.21 [− 0.10 to 0.53]	1−
			Walking (outside neighborhood for recreation): ρ = 0.52 [0.23–0.91]	1−
			Walking for transport (in and outside): ρ = 0.25 [− 0.35 to 0.55]	1−
			Walking for recreation (in and outside): ρ = 0.44 [0.17–0.77]	1−
			Total biking: ρ = 0.33 [0.05–0.64]	3−
PASB-Q English version Fowles et al. [54]	32	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X, hip, waking hours of 7 days [4 days], Freedson et al. [136])	Moderate-to-vigorous (PAVS): r = 0.50	1+
			Classification (active/inactive): Sensitivity = 60%, Specificity = 83%
			Moderate-to-vigorous (PAVS): LOA = − 188 to 288 (min/week)
PASE Turkish version Ayvat et al. [81]	80	Questionnaire (IPAQ-LF)	Total: r = 0.74	3+
			Leisure time activity: r = 0.68	3−
			Household activity: r = 0.65	3−
			Work-related activity: r = 0.57	3−
PAVS English version Ball et al. [45]	269	Questionnaire (Modifiable Activity Questionnaire)	Moderate-to-vigorous: r = 0.71	3+
			Classification (active/inactive): κ = 0.55 [0.45–0.64]
			Moderate-to-vigorous: $\bar{d}$ = − 86.3, LOA = − 371 to 199 (min/week)
PHAS question Swedish version Ekblom et al. [52]	948	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X and GT3X+, hip, waking hours of 7 days [4 days], 60 s, Sasaki et al. [145])	Total (LTPA): ρ = 0.26	2−
PHAS question Swedish version Ekblom et al. [52]	948		Classification (active/inactive): AUC = 0.70 [0.66–0.74], Sensitivity = 92%, Specificity = 27%
QAPPA French version de Souto Barreto [70]	265	Questionnaire (exercise behavior [yes/no] in the last 2 months)	Moderate (PAEE): Significant difference between exercisers and non-exercisers (Wilcoxon rank sum test)	Not rated
			Vigorous (PAEE): Significant difference between exercisers and non-exercisers (Wilcoxon rank sum test)	Not rated
			Moderate-to-vigorous (PAEE): Significant difference between exercisers and non-exercisers (Wilcoxon rank sum test)	Not rated
			Classification (active/inactive): Significant difference between exercisers and non-exercisers (Chi-squared test)
SGPALS (LT question) Swedish version Ekblom et al. [52]	948	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X and GT3X+, hip, waking hours of 7 days [4 days], 60 s, Sasaki et al. [144])	Total (LTPA): ρ = 0.21	2−
SGPALS (LT question) Swedish version Ekblom et al. [52]	948		Classification (active/inactive): AUC = 0.64 [0.59–0.68], Sensitivity = 55%, Specificity = 70%
Single item on recreational and domestic activity English version Jefferis et al. [62]	1377	Accelerometer (Actigraph, GT3X, hip, waking hours of 7 days [3 days], Copeland et al. [138])	Total (domestic/recreational PA, compared to cpm; steps; MVPA): ρ = 0.46; ρ = 0.45; ρ = 0.43	2+ 3+ 3+
Walking question Swedish version Ekblom et al. [52]	948	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X and GT3X+, hip, waking hours of 7 days [4 days], 60 s, Sasaki et al. [144])	Walking: ρ = 0.26	2−
Walking question Swedish version Ekblom et al. [52]	948		Classification (active/inactive): AUC = 0.61 [0.55–0.66], Sensitivity = 70%, Specificity = 48%
WHI-PAQ^g English version Neuhouser et al. [65]	450	DLW	Total (PAEE): R² = 3.4% (10.7% when corrected for biomarker measurement error)	1−
WHS-AASPA English version Shiroma et al. [68]	10,115	Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, hip, waking hours of 7 days, Copeland et al. [138], Freedson et al. [136], Matthews et al. [140], Sasaki et al. [144])	Moderate-to-vigorous^h: ρ = 0.35 [0.33–0.37]; ρ = 0.36 [0.35–0.38]; ρ = 0.39 [0.37–0.40]; ρ = 0.37 [0.36–0.39]	1− 1− 1− 1−
			No minimum bout length
			Classification (active/inactive)^h: κ = 0.09; κ = 0.21; κ = 0.18; κ = 0.25
			10-min minimum bout length
			Classification (active/inactive)^h: κ = 0.25; κ = 0.22, κ = 0.11; κ = 0.15
ZPAQ English version Harris et al. [57]	234	Accelerometer (Actigraph GT1M, hip, 7 days [5 days], 5 s)	Total (excluding household): r = 0.35	2−
ZPAQ Modified English version Harris et al. [57]	234	Accelerometer (Actigraph GT1M, hip, 7 days [5 days], 5 s)	Total (including household): r = 0.34	2−
ZPAQ Modified English version Harris et al. [57]	121	Pedometer (Yamax Digi-walker SW-200, hip, 7 days [5 days])	Total (including household): r = 0.36	3−

AAFQ Arizona Activity Frequency Questionnaire, AAS Active Australia Survey, ACLS-PALS Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study—Physical Activity Long Survey, ACLS-PASS Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study—Physical Activity Short Survey, Active-Q Web-based Physical Activity Questionnaire Active-Q, AUC area under the curve, BRHS British Regional Heart Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, CHAMPS Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors, cpm counts per minute, $\bar{d}$ change in the mean, DLW doubly labeled water, EPAQ2 Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk) Physical Activity Questionnaire, EPIC European Prospective Investigation into Cancer, GPPAQ General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire, h hours, IPAQ-E International Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly, IPAQ-LF International Physical Activity Questionnaire—long-form, IPAQ-SF International Physical Activity Questionnaire—short-form, κ Kappa coefficient, kcal kilocalories, kg kilogram, kj kilojoules, LAPAQ Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam Physical Activity Questionnaire, LOA limits of agreement, log logarithm, LT leisure time, LTPA leisure time physical activity, min minutes, MET metabolic equivalent, mLTPA-Q Modified Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, Modified Minnesota LTPA-Q Modified version of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, NC85+PAQ Newcastle 85+ Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, NPAQ Neighborhood Physical Activity Questionnaire, PA physical activity, PAEE physical activity energy expenditure, PAI physical activity index, PASB-Q Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire, PASE Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, PAVS Physical Activity Vital Sign Questionnaire, PHAS question Public Health Agency of Sweden physical activity question, φ phi correlation coefficient, QAPPA Questionnaire d’Activité Physique pour les Personnes Âgées (Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly), r Pearson correlation coefficient, R² R-squared, ρ Spearman correlation coefficient, s seconds, SGPALS Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale, WHI-PAQ Women’s Health Initiative Physical Activity Questionnaire, WHS-AASPA Women’s Health Study: Accelerometer Ancillary Study Physical Activity Form, ZPAQ Zutphen Physical Activity Questionnaire

^aAs described in Sect. 2.5, the quality of the individual study was evaluated per questionnaire and construct/dimension of PA and can be either very good (1), adequate (2), doubtful (3) or inadequate (4). Additionally, the reported results were rated (i.e., sufficient [+], insufficient [–]) as described in Sect. 2.4

^bResults based on the first group (home based); second group (group exercise)

^cResults based on second group (group exercise)

^dBased on the reported results, we calculated the LOA using the formula LOA = $\bar{d}$ ± 1.96*s* $\sqrt 2$ , where s = within-subject standard deviation (typical error) [146]

^eThe comparison was considered of high quality due to combined sensing and individual calibration

^fResults based on different lower and upper accelerometer cut points: 760–2019 counts/min; 2020–4944 counts/min; 760–4944 counts/min

^gResults based on both recreational and household-related PA. However, information about household-related PA was obtained from a previous data collection wave

^hResults based on different accelerometer cut points: 760 cpm (vertical axis) [140]; 1041 cpm (vertical axis) [138]; 1952 cpm (vertical axis) [136]; 2690 cpm (triaxial) [144]