Table 6.

GRADE evidence profile: measurement properties of all available self-administered PA questionnaires in older adults

Measurement property	Construct/dimension per questionnaire	Results	No. of studies (na)	GRADE
				Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Quality of evidence
Reliability
	Active-Q Swedish version
	MVPA	−	1 (148) [48]	None	–	Seriousb	None	Moderate
	Cambridge Index English version
	Total	−	1 (182) [93]	None	–	None	None	High
	CHAMPS English versionc
	Total	−	4 (326) [49, 82, 91, 94]	None	Noned	None	None	High
	MVPA	+	3 (270) [82, 91, 94]	None	Serious	None	None	Moderate
	CHAMPS Modified English version by Giles et al.
	MVPAe	+	1 (39) [84]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	Walking	+	1 (42) [84]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	CHAMPS Modified English version by Hekler et al.
	Total	–	1 (748) [59]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	MVPA	–	1 (748) [59]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	EPIC English version
	Totalf	−	1 (182) [93]	None	–	None	None	High
	FPACQ Flemish version
	Total	+	1 (36) [87]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	GPPAQ English version
	Total	−	1 (126) [44]	None	–	None	None	High
	IPAQ-LF Serbian version
	Total	+	1 (660) [64]	None	–	None	None	High
	Walking	−	1 (660) [64]	None	–	None	None	High
	IPAQ-SF Chinese version
	Total	+	1 (224) [89]	None	–	None	None	High
	Walking	+	1 (224) [89]	None	–	None	None	High
	IPAQ-SF Japanese version
	Total	−	1 (325) [72]	None	–	None	None	High
	Walking	−g	1 (325) [72]	None	–	None	None	High
	IPEQ English version
	Total	+	1 (50) [51]	None	–	None	None	High
	LAPAQ Dutch version
	Total	−	1 (86) [69]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	mLTPA-Q English version
	MVPA	−	1 (35) [54]	Serious	–	None	Serious	Low
	Modified Baecke Dutch version
	Total	+h	1 (30) [86]	Serious	–	Seriousb	Serious	Very low
	OA-ESI English version
	Total	–	2 (46) [95]	Serious	None	None	None	Moderate
	PAQ-EJ Japanese version
	Total	–	1 (147) [96]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	MVPA	−	1 (147) [96]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	PASB-Q English version
	MVPA	+	1 (35) [54]	Serious	–	None	Serious	Low
	PASE All versions
	Total	+	7 (1064) [66, 73, 76, 92, 79, 81, 97]	None	Noned	None	None	High
	PASE Chinese version
	Total	+	2 (98) [66, 73]	None	None	None	None	High
	Walking	−	1 (66) [73]	None	–	Seriousi	None	Moderate
	PASE English version
	Total	+	1 (254) [92]	Very serious	–	None	None	Low
	PASE Italian version
	Total	+	1 (48) [79]	None	–	None	None	High
	PASE Japanese version
	Total	−	1 (257) [97]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	PASE Norwegian version
	Total	+	1 (327) [76]	None	–	None	None	High
	PASE Persian version
	Walking	+	1 (278) [80]	None	–	None	None	High
	PASE Turkish version
	Total	+	1 (80) [81]	None	–	None	None	High
	QAPPA French version
	MVPA	−	1 (225) [70]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	QAPSE French version
	MVPA	+	1 (44) [85]	Serious	–	None	Serious	Low
	SBAS English version
	Total	−	1 (996) [71]	Very serious	–	None	None	Low
	Self-administered PAQ Swedish version
	Total	−	2 (414) [75, 90]	None	None	None	None	High
	WHI-PAQ English versioni
	Total	+	1 (569) [88]	None	–	Seriousb	None	Moderate
	MVPA	+	1 (569) [88]	None	–	Seriousb	None	Moderate
	Walking	+	1 (569) [88]	None	–	Seriousb	None	Moderate
Measurement error
	CHAMPS English versionc
	Total	−	1 (56) [49]	None	–	None	None	High
	EPIC English version
	Totalk	−	1 (182) [93]	None	–	None	None	High
	LAPAQ Dutch version
	Total	−	1 (86) [69]	None	–	None	None	High
	PASE Chinese version
	Total	−	1 (66) [73]	None	–	Seriousi	None	Moderate
Hypotheses testing for construct validity
	AAFQ English version
	Total	−	1 (450) [65]	None	–	Seriousb	None	Moderate
	AAS English version
	Total	+	2 (89) [55, 58]	Serious	None	None	Serious	Low
	MVPA	−	2 (368) [58, 77]	None	None	None	None	High
	Walking	−	1 (50) [58]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	ACLS-PALS English version
	MVPA	+l	1 (71) [46]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	ACLS-PASS English version
	MVPA	+l	1 (71) [46]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	Active-Q Swedish version
	MVPA	−	1 (148) [48]	None	–	Seriousb	None	Moderate
	BRHS English version
	Total	+	1 (1377) [62]	Nonem	–	Seriousb	None	Moderate
	Cambridge Index English version
	Total	−	2 (1871) [53, 93]	None	None	None	None	High
	CHAMPS English versionc
	Total	−	2 (134) [49, 91]	None	None	None	None	High
	MVPA	−	1 (78) [91]	Serious	–	None	Serious	Low
	CHAMPS Modified English version by Giles et al.
	MVPAe	−	1 (38) [84]	Very serious	–	None	Serious	Very low
	Walking	−	1 (44) [84]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	CHAMPS Modified English version by Hekler et al.
	Total	−	1 (850) [59]	None	–	None	None	High
	MVPA	−	1 (850) [59]	None	–	None	None	High
	EPAQ2 Modified English version
	Total	−	1 (1689) [53]	None	–	None	None	High
	MVPA	−	1 (1689) [53]	None	–	None	None	High
	EPIC English version
	Totalf	−	1 (182) [93]	None	–	None	None	High
	FPACQ Flemish version
	Total	−	1 (49) [87]	Serious	–	None	Serious	Low
	IPAQ-E Swedish version
	Walking	−	1 (54) [60]	Serious	–	None	Serious	Low
	IPAQ-LF English version
	MVPA	+	1 (226) [78]	None	–	None	None	High
	IPAQ-LF Modified Dutch version
	Total	−	1 (196) [74]	Very serious	–	None	None	Low
	MVPA	−	1 (196) [74]	None	–	None	None	High
	IPAQ-SF All versions
	Total	−	4 (949) [50, 56, 72, 89]	Serious	None	None	None	Moderate
	Walking	−	3 (657) [56, 72, 89]	None	None	None	None	High
	IPAQ-SF Chinese version
	Total	−	1 (224) [89]	Very serious	–	None	None	Low
	Walking	−	1 (224) [89]	None	–	None	None	High
	IPAQ-SF English version
	Total	−	1 (127) [56]	Very serious	–	None	None	Low
	Walking	−	1 (127) [56]	Very serious	–	None	None	Low
	IPAQ-SF Japanese version
	Total	−g	1 (306) [72]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	Walking	−	1 (306) [72]	None	–	None	None	High
	IPAQ-SF Portuguese version
	Total	−	1 (292) [50]	Very serious	–	Seriousb	None	Very low
	LAPAQ Dutch version
	Total	−	2 (1498) [63, 69]	None	None	None	None	High
	mLTPA-Q English version
	MVPA	+	1 (32) [54]	Very serious	–	None	Serious	Very low
	Modified Baecke Dutch version
	Total	−	1 (28) [86]	None	–	Very seriousn	Very serious	Very low
	Modified Minnesota LTPA-Q English version
	Total	−	1 (3975) [67]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	Walking	−	1 (3975) [67]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	MVPA questions Swedish version
	MVPA	−	1 (948) [52]	None	–	None	None	High
	NC85+PAQ English version
	Total	−	1 (337) [61]	None	–	None	None	High
	NPAQ German version
	Total	+	1 (58) [47]	Very serious	–	None	Serious	Very low
	MVPA	−	1 (58) [47]	Very serious	–	None	Serious	Very low
	Walking	−	1 (58) [47]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	OA-ESI English version
	Total	−	1 (327)	Very serious	–	Seriousb	None	Very low
	PAQ-EJ Japanese version
	Total	+	1 (147) [96]	Very serious	–	None	None	Low
	MVPA	+	1 (147) [96]	None	–	None	None	High
	PASB-Q English version
	MVPA	+	1 (32) [54]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	PASE Dutch version
	Total	−	1 (21) [83]	None	–	None	Very serious	Low
	PASE English version
	Total	+	1 (78) [91]	None	–	None	Serious	Moderate
	PASE Japanese version
	Total	−	1 (200) [97]	None	–	None	None	High
	PASE Turkish version
	Total	+	1 (80) [81]	Very serious	–	None	Serious	Very low
	PAVS English version
	MVPA	+	1 (269) [45]	Very serious	–	Very seriouso	None	Very low
	PHAS question Swedish version
	Total	−	1 (948) [52]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	Self-administered PAQ Swedish version
	Total	−	2 (227) [75, 98]	Serious	None	None	None	Moderate
	SGPALS (LT question) Swedish version
	Total	−	1 (948) [52]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	Single item on Recreational and Domestic Activity English version
	Total	+	1 (1377) [62]	Serious	–	Seriousb	None	Low
	Walking question Swedish version
	Walking	−	1 (948) [52]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	WHI-PAQ English versionj
	Total	−	1 (450) [65]	None	–	Very seriousp	None	Low
	WHS-AASPA English version
	MVPA	−	1 (10115) [68]	None	–	Seriousb	None	Moderate
	ZPAQ English version
	Total	−	1 (234) [57]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
	ZPAQ Modified English versionq
	Total	−	1 (234) [57]	Serious	–	None	None	Moderate
Responsiveness
	AAS English version
	MVPA	−	1 (238) [77]	None	–	None	None	High

AAFQ Arizona Activity Frequency Questionnaire, AAS Active Australia Survey, ACLS-PALS Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study—Physical Activity Long Survey, ACLS-PASS Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study—Physical Activity Short Survey, Active-Q Web-based Physical Activity Questionnaire Active-Q, BRHS British Regional Heart Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, CHAMPS Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors, EPAQ2 Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk) Physical Activity Questionnaire, EPIC European Prospective Investigation into Cancer, FPACQ Flemish Physical Activity Computerized Questionnaire, GPPAQ General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire, GRADE Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation, HEPA health enhancing physical activity, IPAQ-E International Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly, IPAQ-LF International Physical Activity Questionnaire—long-form, IPAQ-SF International Physical Activity Questionnaire—short-form, IPEQ Incidental and Planned Exercise Questionnaire, LAPAQ Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam Physical Activity Questionnaire, LT leisure time, LTPA leisure time physical activity, min minutes, mLTPA-Q Modified Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, Modified Minnesota LTPA-Q Modified version of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, NC85+PAQ Newcastle 85+ Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, NPAQ Neighborhood Physical Activity Questionnaire, OA-ESI Older Adult Exercise Status Inventory, PA physical activity, PAQ Physical Activity Questionnaire, PAQ-EJ Physical Activity Questionnaire for Elderly Japanese, PASB-Q Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire, PASE Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, PAVS Physical Activity Vital Sign Questionnaire, PHAS question Public Health Agency of Sweden physical activity question, QAPPA Questionnaire d’Activité Physique pour les Personnes Âgées (Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly), QAPSE Questionnaire d’Activité Physique Saint-Etienne, SBAS Stanford Brief Activity Survey, SGPALS Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale, WHI-PAQ Women’s Health Initiative Physical Activity Questionnaire, WHS-AASPA Women’s Health Study: Accelerometer Ancillary Study Physical Activity Form, ZPAQ Zutphen Physical Activity Questionnaire

Results are shown as sufficient (+) or insufficient (−) measurement properties depending on scores and rating obtained from Tables 4 and 5, as well as from Electronic Supplementary Material Table S3 and Electronic Supplementary Material Table S4. Results are shown for the overall construct of the questionnaire (e.g., total PA, total PAEE, total LTPA), also called ‘total’ score, and for the subdimensions MVPA and walking

^aTotal number of participants across all studies

^bWe considered serious indirectness when only women or men were included in the sample

^cIncluding only original versions

^dWe did not consider serious inconsistency since the majority of results were consistent and there was only little variability in effects

^eBased on the HEPA score

^fBased on the overall PA index (including occupational PA)

^gBased on the majority of results. There was only a single positive rating in a subsample (male participants of a specific age group)

^hBased on the shorter interval between test and retest

ⁱWe considered serious indirectness since only Chinese participants emigrated to Canada (i.e., living in Vancouver for at least 5 years) were included

^jResults for reliability were based on recreational PA whereas results for hypotheses testing for validity were based on both recreational and household activities. Consequently, results for the two measurement properties cannot be considered for the same questionnaire version

^kResults for measurement error were based on the continuous score excluding occupational PA in contrast to the results for reliability and hypotheses testing for construct validity which were based on the overall PA index. Consequently, these results cannot be considered for the same construct/dimension

^lResults were based on the 1-min bout definition since the ACLS-PALS and ACLS-PASS were not designed to measure MVPA occurring in bouts of ≥ 10 min [46, 147]

^mResults were based on level 2 and level 3 of quality. However, we did not consider serious risk of bias due to the magnitude of effects and the fact, that the comparison with counts per minute (level 1) was almost acceptable

ⁿWe considered very serious indirectness since only women were included in the sample and the representativeness of the accelerometer measurement period can be questioned (i.e., one day of measuring)

^oWe considered very serious indirectness because the obtained score of the questionnaire differs from the definition of the dimension MVPA. As mentioned by the authors [45], time spent in either moderate or vigorous PA is obtained. Thus, no overall MVPA score can be calculated. Moreover, the context of the study may not represent the typical administration since the questionnaire was administered during a clinic visit in waiting areas. However, this questionnaire was developed to be a brief measure of PA during regular clinic visits

^pVery serious indirectness was considered since only women were included in the sample and additional information about the construct (e.g., household/yard PA) was not collected during the study but obtained from a previous data collection wave

^qThis modified version includes household activities in contrast to the original version [57]