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. 2020 Jun 19;10:9967. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67025-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relative frequency of occurrence of 31 plants across the quadrats: (a) mean frequency of plant sample without herbicide; (b–g) the frequency of plant sample treated with herbicide compared with mean frequency of plant sample without herbicide. Note: data are the percentage of all quadrat cells in which the species was recorded in June, August, September, and October in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Here, and in Fig. 2, species codes are: a:Digitariasanguinalis; b:Amaranthusretroflexus; c: Chenopodiumalbum; d: Abutilon theophrasti; e:Setaria spp.; f:Calystegia hederacea; g:Setariaviridis; h:Acalyphaaustralis; i: Metaplexis japonica; j: Bidens spp.; k:Luffa aegyptiaca; l: Xanthium sibiricum; m:Brassica rapa var. oleifera; n: Portulacaoleracea; o-Ipomoea purpurea; p:Erigeron canadensis; q:Ixerispolycephala; r:Humulusscandens; s:Lactucaindica; t: Ambrosia artemisiifolia; u: Glycine soja; v-Eleusineindica; w- Picris japonica; x: Solanum americanum; y: Echinochloacrusgalli; z: Cyperusmicroiria; a1:Rorippaglobosa; b1: Ipomoea nil; c1:Cirsiumarvense var. integrifolium; d1:Capsella bursa-pastoris. The horizontal line under a letter indicates that the relative frequency of a species in this treatment did not change that of the blank control. *Indicates the significance of the difference between the frequency of different treatments and the frequency of blank treatments for each species according to the independent-sample ttest. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.