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. 2020 Jun 19;11:3130. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16915-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Differences between consecutive recovery (REC) NREMS episodes in highest EEG power reached per episode [three 0.25Hz-bin moving average per quantile; see B; 1st–2nd (blue), 2nd–3rd (green), 3rd–4th (gray), and 4th–5th (dark blue)] following a 40-h sleep deprivation (SD). The largest decrease was observed in faster δ (1.5–2.0 Hz), while activity in slower δ (0.5–1 Hz) increased initially (two-way rANOVA factors episode-to-episode differences × frequency: F_48,10464 = 13.6, p = 1.0E-17, n = 110). Red, black, and gray lines represent post-hoc significance (p < 0.05), 2nd/1st, 3rd/2nd, and 4th/3rd NREMS episode, respectively. Data is expressed as means ± s.e.m. b Time-course plots of δ1- (0.5–1.0 Hz) and δ2- (1.5–2.0 Hz) power during each NREMS episode (10 quantiles/episode) in baseline conditions (BL; top) and recovery (bottom). Gaps reflect intervening wake or REMS. During BL, significant δ1-δ2 differences were seen (two-way rANOVA factors sub-band × time-course: F_49,10437 = 8.6, p = 1.0E-17). After SD, δ2 was increased during the first NREMS episode, illustrated by the time-course of maximum values per episode (insert; REC: two-way rANOVA factors sub-band × time-course: F_49,10437 = 33.6, p = 1.0E-17). δ1-δ2 differences were seen during both BL and recovery periods (two-way rANOVA factors SD × time-course; BL: F_49,10486 = 4.1, p = 1.0E-17; REC: F_49,10388 = 29.2, p = 1.0E-17). Black lines represent post-hoc significance (Tukey) between quantiles of δ1 and δ2, blue and orange between δ1 and δ2 from baseline to recovery, respectively. Values are given as percentage of baseline mean ± s.e.m. (black lines; n = 110). Data are based on the right frontal-parietal derivation (F4-P4). c, d Electrode placement, and heat plots in a subset of subjects (n = 21) with 19 electrode sites, of δ1- and δ2-power during REC. Increases in δ2 were highest in frontal areas and dissipated more quickly in subsequent NREMS episodes than δ1 (two-way rANOVA factors electrode site × sub-band; 1st NREMS episode: F_18,576 = 5.7, p = 1.6E-12; 2nd: F_18,648 = 4.3, p = 8.2E-09). Values are expressed as log2 of ratio to mean BL power across all electrode sites, for each subject. Black and red filled circles represent electrode sites where δ2 was significantly higher and lower, respectively, than δ1 (Tukey post-hoc p < 0.05). Black contour lines are fixed at 0.5.