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. 2020 Mar 18;11(7):525–533. doi: 10.1007/s13238-020-00696-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Association between HHVs, especially HCMV and glioma. (A) Brain tissue samples from 330 subjects and paired peripheral blood from 145 subjects with high-grade glioma (HGG), low-grade glioma (LGG), or non-glioma (NG) were analyzed by nested PCR to detect the presence of HHV DNA. (B) HCMV genome copy numbers in brain tissues were determined by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Horizontal lines show mean ± SEM across all samples and Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction was used for comparisons between two groups. (C) Representative images of HCMV proteins IE1/2, pp65, and gB in brain tissues. (D) HCMV protein levels based on IOD analyses of five random fields per specimen after normalizing to the staining background. (E) HCMV protein levels in HGG, LGG, and NG tissues based on IHC scoring system. Significant differences were analyzed by Chi-square test. (F) Analysis of IE1/2 levels and glioma patient survival using Kaplan-Meier curves. Statistical significance was determined using the Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. (G) Kaplan-Meier analysis of survival whenglioma patients categorized as having high (+++/++) or low (+/-) levels of Ki67 protein. (H) Correlation between IE1/2 and Ki67 levels in 78 HGGs analyzed by linear regression

Association between HHVs, especially HCMV and glioma. (A) Brain tissue samples from 330 subjects and paired peripheral blood from 145 subjects with high-grade glioma (HGG), low-grade glioma (LGG), or non-glioma (NG) were analyzed by nested PCR to detect the presence of HHV DNA. (B) HCMV genome copy numbers in brain tissues were determined by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Horizontal lines show mean ± SEM across all samples and Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction was used for comparisons between two groups. (C) Representative images of HCMV proteins IE1/2, pp65, and gB in brain tissues. (D) HCMV protein levels based on IOD analyses of five random fields per specimen after normalizing to the staining background. (E) HCMV protein levels in HGG, LGG, and NG tissues based on IHC scoring system. Significant differences were analyzed by Chi-square test. (F) Analysis of IE1/2 levels and glioma patient survival using Kaplan-Meier curves. Statistical significance was determined using the Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. (G) Kaplan-Meier analysis of survival whenglioma patients categorized as having high (+++/++) or low (+/-) levels of Ki67 protein. (H) Correlation between IE1/2 and Ki67 levels in 78 HGGs analyzed by linear regression