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. 2019 Nov 9;15(2):193–199. doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2019.09.005

Figure 2.

Figure 2

A diagrammatic representation and definition of landmarks, reference lines, and variables used to identify facial skeleton, teeth, upper airway, soft palate, tongue, and hyoid bone. A: Subspinale. ANS: Anterior nasal spine. B: Supramentale. Eb: Epiglottis base. Go: Gonion. H: The most anterosuperior point of the hyoid bone. LIE: Lower incisor edge. Mn: Menton, the most inferior point on symphyseal outline. MP: Mandibular plane. N: Nasion. P: The most inferior tip of soft palate. PNS: Posterior nasal spine. PP: Palatal plane. S: Sella. SN: Line from sella to nasion. T: The highest point of tongue dorsum. TT: Tongue tip. UIE: Upper incisor edge. 1. SNA 2. SNB 3. ANB 4. SN-PP 5. SN-MP 6. AFH 7. Overjet 8. Overbite 9. MinRPA 10. MinRGA 11. SPT 12. MPT 13. TGL 14. TGH 15. MPH.