Table 13.1.

Impact of nanomaterials on organs/cells/tissues

Sl. No	Material	Material source	Study type	Organ toxicity	Biocompatibility	References
	Silica
1.	MSN	Cetylpyridinium bromide (template), urea, cyclohexane, isopropanol, tetraethylorthosilicate	Albino Wistar rats	Reactive oxygen species generation in heart and lung, inflammation, anemia, thrombocytopenia	–	Hozayen et al. (2019)
2.	MSN	Silica obtained from Nanjing XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd. (prepared using Stober method)	A549 adenocarcinomic cells and 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells	Without template-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine exhibits toxicity in 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells	With template-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine induces less toxicity and high compatibility	Li et al. (2019)
3.	MSN	Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Na2SiO3 (silica source), ethyl acetate	HEK-293, Caco-2, HepG2, 3 T3	–	Exhibits high biocompatible (90% cell viability) with different cell lines (HEK-293, Caco-2, HepG2, and 3 T3). Degraded within 6 days	Bhavsar et al. (2019)
4.	MSN-50 nm (size) MSN-500 nm	Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (template), ammonia (catalyst), ethanol (solvent) and tetraethylorthosilicate (silica source)-Stober method	Intravenous administration, single dose in male and female immune-competent inbred BALB/c mice	Cytotoxicity exhibited by both size nanoparticles under acute conditions	Exhibits less subchronic toxicity compared to non-porous silica on 60 and 180 days	Mohammadpour et al. (2019)
5.	MSN	Different types of heterocyclic amino acid-based templates such as C16-L-tryptophan, C16-L-histidine, and C16-L-poline, respectively	In vitro and in vivo study	Severe hemolysis and cell cycle arrest were observed	Silica synthesized with C16-L-tryptophan disintegrates quickly due to high wettability, reduce toxicity	Li et al. (2019)
6.	Nanoshell SiO2 and Fe-SiO2	Using tetramethyl orthosilicate (silica), iron ethoxide (iron source) and amino polystyrene (template)	Single dose acute toxicity study using 10–20 mg per kg dose	–	Trace amount SiO2 nanoparticles observed in lung and no inflammatory response observed in lungs	Mendez et al. (2017)
7.	MSN	Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (template), ammonia (catalyst), ethanol (solvent), and tetraethylorthosilicate (silica source)	Lung inflammation in in vitro using human lung cancer epithelial cell line (A549), and in vivo using C57BL/6 mice	Respiratory toxicity	–	Morris et al. (2016)
8.	MSN-Silane	Non-porous silica, no template used, ammonia (catalyst), ethanol (solvent), and tetraethylorthosilicate (silica source) 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane	Lung inflammation in in vitro using human lung cancer epithelial cell line (A549) and in vivo using C57BL/6 mice	–	Amine functionalized silica showed reduced toxicity, less reactive oxygen species in lungs compared to unmodified silica	Morris et al. (2016)
9.	Silica -25 nm, 60 nm, and 115 nm	NH2 and COOH functionalized silica nanoparticles	Embryotoxic effect In vitro lung cell line (A549) and animal model	Silica-25 nm size silica 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane Oxidative stress and toxicity studies cells through the oxidant generation such as reactive oxygen generation and lipid peroxidation	Silica 60 nm and 115 nm Non-toxic and safe for placental development	Pietroiusti et al. (2018)
10.	Ultrafine silica	Silica nano and silica microscale obtained from Zhejiang Hongshen Material Tech. Ltd. Company, China	In vitro lung cell line (A549) and animal model	Generation such as reactive oxygen generation and lipid peroxidation	–	Hong et al. (2017)
	Dendrimers
1.	Diaminobutane core (DAB) based generation 3, 4, and 5 dendrimer (diaminobutyric polypropylenimine) for gene delivery	Diaminobutyric polypropylenimine (3-, 4-, and 5-), methoxy PEG (~2 kDa) succinimidyl carboxymethyl esters	Bioware PC-3 M-luc-C6 human prostate adenocarcinoma, bioware B16F10-Luc cells, A431 human epidermoid carcinoma, T98G human glioblastoma, DU145 human prostate carcinoma	–	PEGylated G3 and G4-DAB reduced cytotoxicity of dendrimer. G4-DAB with PEG (2 and 5 kDa) reduced toxicity of dendrimer at lower dose of 20 μg/ml	Somani et al. (2018)
2.	Cationic dendrimers polyamidoamine dendrimers G4, G5, and G6 (PAMAM)	Ethylenediamine core based polyamidoamine dendrimers G4 (14,215 Da), G5 (28,826 Da), and G6 (58,048 Da)	HaCaT cells, SW480 cells	Dendrimer charge density is correlated to chronic responses. Hormetic response at lower concentration, while toxicity observed at higher concentration	Adenocarcinoma of colon most sensitive to toxicity induced by dendrimers	Mukherjee et al. (2010)
3.	Cationic type of PAMAM dendrimers	PAMAM G5 obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol removed and dissolved in PBS 7.4 (10 mg/ml)	Human glioma cells (U87MG, U118, U251MG, A172)	Cationic dendrimer induced cytotoxicity and autophagic degradation activity (autophagic flux)	–	Wang et al. (2014)
4.	Cationic PAMAM	PAMAM obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, methanol removed and mixed with PBS	C57BL/6 J mice	Dysregulation of renin angiotensin system Downregulation of its expression in lung tissue	–	Sun et al. (2015)
5.	Anionic PAMAM	PAMAM 1.5 (2935 Mw of Na salt) PAMAM 3.5 (12,931 Mw of Na salt) PAMAM 5.5 (52,901 Mw of Na salt)	Rat	–	Non-toxic, exhibited high biocompatibility, can be effective drug nanocarrier	Morris et al. (2017)
	Carbon nanotubes
1.	SWCNTs	SWCNTs (carbon nanotechnologies, Inc)	Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK 293)	SWCNTs upregulate apoptosis associated genes (p16, Rb, and p53)	–	Cui et al. (2005)
2.	SWCNTs (short and linear type)	SWCNTS with 8.6 and 0.55 μm, ten fold diluted in PBS containing 1% salmon serum deoxyribonucleic acid	F344/DuCrlCrlj male rats	Long SWCNTs deposited at terminal bronchioles, short SWCNTs in alveolus, respiratory toxicity, inflammation	No genotoxicity was observed in lungs	Honda et al. (2017)
3.	SWCNTs	Crude SWCNTS/DMEM/10%(vol/vol) FBS	MITO-Luc and CD1 mice	Induces uncontrolled cell growth, elevated the enzymatic action and inflammation, liver toxic	–	Principi et al. (2016)
4.	Oxidized MWCNT	MWCNTs treated with 3 mol/L HNO3/calcined at 450 °C	Kunming mice (female)		Simvastatin reduce toxic effect of oMWCNTs	(Qi et al. 2017)
5.	Mitsui-7-MWCNTs	MWCNTs/bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml in H2O)	Human alveolar type II epithelial cells A549 cells, the THP-1 the MRC-5 lung fibroblast cell line (ATCC CCL-171)	Exhibits proinflammatory response, elevates profibrotic mediators	–	Chortarea et al. (2019)
6.	Doxorubicin/fluorescein/CNTs	Oxidized CNTs/DOX-N-cylohexyl-N′-(2 morpholinoethyl) carbodiimide metho-o-toluenesulfonate/FITC/ultrasonic treatment in PBS	Cell line of Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma grade II carcinoma (HT29) in 2D (monolayer) and 3D (spheroid) system in vitro and mice model (Balb2/c)	–	DOX/fluorescein/CNT exhibits less cytotoxic effect compared to unmodified DOX	Perepelytsina et al. (2018)
7.	Thin bundles (CNT-1) And thick bundles of SWCNTs (CNT-2)	SWCNTs/bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml; 10 mg/ml)	In vitro and in vivo study	Lung toxicity CNT-2 exerted significant acute toxicity in lung	CNT-1 toxicity managed to recover in slow phase	Fujita et al. (2015)
8.	DOX, MWCNT functionalized with thermosensitive block copolymer	MWCNT@MSN-s-s-g-PNIPAM-b-PFBEMA-DOX	In vitro, Hela cells	Cytotoxicity, DOX loading with a maximum capacity of 51.8% showed increased toxicity inside cancer cells	Biocompatible nanocarrier	Zhang et al. (2019)
9.	DOX, MWCNT, titanium dioxide, gold	MWCNTs/TiO2/Au (bark extract) (1:1 and 1:3)	In vivo study on Zebrafish embryos	–	TiO2 and Au increase the biocompatibility of MWCNT, toxicity not affecting the hatching of embryos	Karthika et al. (2018)
10.	Iron and iron extracted pure form of MWCNT	MWCNTs obtained from cyclohexane precursor, ferrocene as catalyst	A549 human lung epithelial cells and HepG2 cells	Iron extracted pure form of MWCNT showed cytotoxicity	Residual iron exerted less CNT toxicity	Requardt et al. (2019)
11.	DOX, CNTs, polyethylene glycol, bisphosphonate, and alendronate	Discrete MWCNTs, DMF, thionyl chloride, PEGylation, NHS, EDC, alendronate, Cy5, DMSO, DOTA label	In vivo study CD-1 mice	–	DOX bound functionalized CNTs (PEG-dMWCNTs and BT-PEG-dMWCNTs) effectively decrease the tumor size and increase the survival period of mice	Falank et al. (2019)