Table 3.
Characteristics of participants in the training and validation data sets for chronic kidney disease.
| Characteristics | Training data set (n=1830) | Validation data set, Taiwan (n=457) | Validation data set, United States (n=4434) | Validation data set, Italy (n=655) | Validation data set, Japan (n=996) |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 902 (49.29) | 209 (45.73) | 2165 (48.83) | 384 (58.63) | 696 (69.88) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 164 (8.96) | 38 (8.32) | 410 (9.25) | 523 (79.85) | 919 (92.27) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 522 (28.52) | 140 (30.63) | 1730 (39.02) | 599 (91.45) | 908 (91.16) |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 46 (38-55) | 45 (37-55) | 53 (36-65) | 67 (56-74.5) | 70 (61-77) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 23.8 (21.4-26.4) | 23.4 (21.3-26.2) | 28.6 (24.8-33.5) | 28.4 (25.8-31.6) | 23.25 (21-25.8) |
| Waist circumference, cm, median (IQR) | 82.5 (75.5-89.5) | 81 (75-89) | 99.5 (89-111.3) | —a | — |
| Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, IU/L, median (IQR) | 21 (17-26) | 20 (17-25) | 19 (16-24) | — | — |
| Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, IU/L, median (IQR) | 20 (14-30) | 19 (13-28) | 18 (13-26) | — | — |
| γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase, U/L, median (IQR) | 19 (13-30) | 18 (12-33) | 21 (15-33) | — | — |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 0.6 (0.4-0.8) | 0.6 (0.4-0.8) | 0.4 (0.3-0.6) | — | — |
| Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L, median (IQR) | 62 (51-76) | 63 (50-78) | 75 (62-91) | — | — |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 13 (11-16) | 13 (10-15) | 14 (11-18) | 28 (21.2-37.3) | — |
| Creatinine, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | 0.85 (0.71-1.01) | 1.49 (1.2-1.9) | 1.8 (1.2-2.75) |
| Uric acid, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 5.5 (4.5-6.7) | 5.4 (4.5-6.5) | 5.3 (4.4-6.4) | 6.3 (5.2-7.6) | — |
| Albumin, g/dL, median (IQR) | 4.6 (4.4-4.8) | 4.6 (4.4-4.8) | 4.1 (3.9-4.3) | 4 (3.7-4.3) | 4 (3.5-4.3) |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 186 (164-210) | 185 (160-209) | 185 (160-214) | 189 (162.5-218) | — |
| High-density lipoprotein, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 52 (44-64) | 53 (43-64) | 51 (42-61) | — | — |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 121 (100-145) | 120 (100-142) | — | — | — |
| Hemoglobin A1c, %, median (IQR) | 5.4 (5.2-5.6) | 5.4 (5.2-5.7) | 5.6 (5.3-6) | — | — |
aNot available.