Table 1.

Study and participant characteristics.

Reference	Subjects total, N	Subjects, n			Age (years), mean (SD)					Male: female (%)
		CGa	EGb		CG		EG			CG		EG
			EG1	EG2				EG1	EG2				EG1	EG2
Allen et al [14]	350	68	140c	142d		64.3 (12.2)		65.7 (10.3)c	65.3(11.5)d		22:78		29:71c	31:69d
Bennell et al [6]	148	74	74	—e		61.5 (7.6)		60.8 (6.5)	—		46:54		42:58	—
Bennell et al [15]	144	71	73	—		61.3 (7.1)		61.2 (7.2)	—		48:52		38:62	—
Bossen et al [16]	199	99	100	—		63 (5.4)		61 (5.9)	—		30:70		40:60	—
Buhrman et al [17]	54	28	26	—		42.9 (10.1)		43.5 (9.8)	—		36:64		27:73	—
Calner et al [18] and Nordin et al [19]	99	44	55	—		42 (11)		44 (10)	—		16:84		14:86	—
Carpenter et al [20]	141	71	70	—		42.5 (10.3)f		—	—		17:83f		—	—
Chhabra et al [21]	93	48	45	—		41.0 (14.2)		41.4 (14.2)	—		—e		—	—
Chiauzzi et al [22]	199	104	95	—		45.05 (11.72)		47.34 (12.23)	—		32:68		33:67	—
Del Pozo-Cruz et al [23-25]	100	50	50	—		45.5 (7.02)		46.83 (9.13)	—		11: 89		15:85	—
Irvine et al [26]	597	199	199g	199h		—		—	—		37:63		42:58g	41:59h
Krein et al [27]	229	118	111	—		51.9 (12.8)		51.2 (12.5)	—		86:14		89:11	—
Marangoni [28]	68	23	22i	23j		—		—	—		—			—
Mecklenberg et al [29]	125	54	101	—		47 (12)		46 (12)	—		74:26		57:43	—
Peters et al [30]		50	112k	114l		50.6 (10.1)		48.7 (11.5)i	47.5 (13.2)j		12:88		15:85i	17:83j
Petrozzi et al [31]	276	54	54	—		50.6 (14.4)		50.1 (12.8)	—		41:59		46:54	—
Shebib et al [32]	177	64	113	—		43 (12)		43 (11)	—		52:48		63:37	—
Toelle et al [33]	94	46	48	—		43 (11.0)		41 (10.6)	—		33:67		27:73	—
Van den Heuvel et al [34]	268	90	97	81		—		—	—		—		—	—

^aCG: control group.

^bEG: experimental group.

^cPT: physical therapy.

^dIBET: internet-based exercise training.

^enot recorded.

^fTotal sample. Not recorded for control group and evaluation group.

^gFit back.

^hAlternative care.

ⁱCASP: computer-assisted stretching program.

^jFLIP: facsimile lesson with instructional pictures (hard copy).

^kiCBT: internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy.

^lPPI: positive psychology intervention.