Table 5.
Comparison of clinical parameters in the RO, AO, and C groups at the beginning of the study and the end of study (EOS)
| Variable | RO group (n = 26) | AO group (n = 26) | C group (n = 29) | P | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Δ | P | Before | After | Δ | P | Before | After | Δ | P | ||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 105.0 (98.0–119.0) | 103.5 (97.0–111.0) | −1.5 | 0.092d | 110.5 (95.0–131.0) | 102.0 (94.0–110.0) | −8.5 | 0.034d | 104.0 (98.0–114.0) | 104.5 (96.0–111.0) | + 0.5 | 0.410d | 0.130b |
| Fasting insulin, μU/L | 18.5 (11.3–29.3) | 12.6 (9.7–28.3) | −5.9 | 0.001d | 22.6 (13.2–27.5) | 16.9 (9.9–22.6) | − 5.7 | 0.005d | 15.5 (13.0–22.2) | 16.8 (12.4–26.1) | + 1.3 | 0.481d | 0.421 b |
| HOMA-IR | 4.8 (2.9–7.5) | 3.7 (2.4–6.9) | −1.1 | 0.002d | 6.1 (3.2–8.9) | 5.6 (2.6–6.6) | −0.5 | 0.031d | 4.0 (3.3–5.3) | 4.4 (3.1–6.6) | + 0.4 | 0.132d | 0.000b |
| TC, mg/dL | 196.6 ± 39.5 | 192.5 ± 32.4 | −4.1 | 0.491c | 193.8 ± 37.0 | 179.2 ± 32.7 | −14.6 | 0.032c | 192.5 ± 47.8 | 179.9 ± 38.1 | −12.6 | 0.261c | 0.641a |
| HDL, mg/dL | 48.0 (41.0–66.0) | 51.0 (43.0–61.0) | + 3.0 | 0.372d | 42.5 (37.0–48.0) | 44.5 (38.0–51.0) | + 2.0 | 0.152d | 49.0 (42.0–57.0) | 48.0 (44.0–54.0) | −1.0 | 0.142d | 0.342b |
| HDL, % | 29.2 (19.0–33.) | 30.6 (21.0–33.2) | + 1.4 | 0.051d | 21.1 (18.0–29.6) | 24.7 (20.8–31.4) | + 3.6 | 0.005d | 26.0 (22.0–32.0) | 28.0 (24.0–36.0) | + 2.0 | 0.443d | 0.341b |
| non-HDL, mg/dL | 143.5 ± 39.8 | 137.8 ± 33.6 | −5.7 | 0.263c | 149.6 ± 39.7 | 133.7 ± 34.1 | −15.9 | 0.010c | 149.1 ± 43.9 | 128.6 ± 36.9 | −20.5 | 0.061c | 0.371a |
| TG/HDL ratio | 2.3 (1.4–4.0) | 2.2 (1.5–3.2) | −0.1 | 0.550d | 3.7 (2.4–5.4) | 3.1 (1.9–4.7) | −0.6 | 0.031d | 2.9 (2.0–5.6) | 2.5 (1.6–3.1) | −0.4 | 0.173d | 0.761b |
| LDL, mg/dL | 121.5 ± 33.9 | 110.4 ± 35.1 | −11.1 | 0.131c | 117.6 ± 35.1 | 105.3 ± 30.2 | −12.3 | 0.042c | 108.0 ± 36.6 | 100.9 ± 33.5 | −7.1 | 0.441c | 0.821a |
| TG, mg/dL | 97.0 (79.0–177.0) | 120.0 (93.0–155.0) | −23.0 | 0.662d | 143.0 (103.0–204.0) | 136.5 (94.0–170.0) | −6.5 | 0.000d | 142.0 (104.0–196.0) | 133.0 (95.0–148.0) | −9.0 | 0.090d | 0.600b |
Normally distributed data are represented by mean ± SD and skewed data by the median (interquartile range). P < 0.05 is considered significant (highlighted by bold)
aone-way AOVA, bKruskal-Wallis test, ct- Student’s test, dWilcoxon test,
Abbreviations: EOS end of study, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides
SI conversion factors: to convert TC, HDL, and LDL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.02586; TG to mmol/L, by 0.0114; glucose to mmol/L, by 0.05551