| Hydroxychloroquine (Quiros Roldan et al., 2020; Gautret et al., 2020a; Devaux et al., 2020; Retallack et al., 2016; Bacharier et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2020c; COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020) |
Inhibition of endosomal acidification, inhibition of glycosylation of host receptors and proteolytic processing (Quiros Roldan et al., 2020). Immunomodulatory effect (Quiros Roldan et al., 2020; Devaux et al., 2020). Iron homeostasis alteration (Quiros Roldan et al., 2020). |
NCT04261517, Phase 3 (+) |
|
|
ChiCTR2000029559 (+) |
| Remdesivir (Li and De Clercq, 2020; Gordon et al., 2020a; Sheahan et al., 2017; Brown et al., 2019; de Wit et al., 2020; Gordon et al., 2020b; COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020; Wang et al., 2020b) |
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibition |
NCT04280705, |
|
|
Phase 3 (+) |
|
|
NCT04257656, Phase 3(-) |
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Li and De Clercq, 2020; Chu et al., 2004; de Wilde et al., 2014; Chan et al., 2015; Yao et al., 2020; Nutho et al., 2020; Cao et al., 2020) |
Main protease inhibitor |
ChiCTR2000029308(-) |
|
|
NCT04276688(triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir–ritonavir, and ribavirin was superior to lopinavir/ritonavir alone) |
| Tocilizumab (Sanders et al., 2020; COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020; Zhou et al., 2020b; Gong et al., 2020; Coomes and Haghbayan, 2020; Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al., 2020) |
IL-6 Receptor Inhibitor |
NCT04317092, Phase 2 |
| Sarilumab (Lamb and Deeks, 2018; Sanders et al., 2020) |
IL-6 Receptor Inhibitor |
NCT04280588, Phase2 |
| Fingolimod (Wang et al., 2020c; COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020) |
inactivating IL-6/STAT3 pathway |
NCT04280588, Phase2 |
| Canakinumab (Ozdogan and Ugurlu, 2017; Rothman et al., 2018; COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020) |
monoclonal antibody against IL-1-beta |
NCT04362813, Phase2 |
| Anakinra (COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020; Ramirez and Canete, 2018) |
monoclonal antibody against IL-1 Receptor |
NCT04339712, |
|
|
Phase 2 |
|
|
NCT04324021, Phase2/3 (with Emapalumab) |
| Gimsilumab (Zhou et al., 2020c; Kivitz et al., 2016; Senolt, 2019; COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020) |
monoclonal antibody against GM-CSF |
NCT04351243, Phase 2 |
| Heparin (Tang et al., 2020a, b; Poterucha et al., 2017; Young, 2008; Li, 2008; Fogarty et al., 2020; COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020) |
anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory (Poterucha et al., 2017; Young, 2008; Li, 2008) |
NCT04345848, |
|
antiviral (Shukla and Spear, 2001; Vicenzi et al., 2004) |
Phase 3 |
| Baricitinib (Choi et al., 2018; Bekerman et al., 2017; Kubo et al., 2019; COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020) |
JAK-STAT signaling inhibitor (Choi et al., 2018) |
NCT04340232, |
|
Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Bekerman et al., 2017) |
Phase 2/3 |
| Ruxolitinib (Verstovsek et al., 2010; Vannucchi and Harrison, 2017; Mesa, 2010; Elli et al., 2019; COVID-19 Clinical Trials, 2020) |
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor |
NCT04334044, Phase1/2 |
