Table 3.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of reported cases of thrombi in unusual sites. An article written in Chinese could not be included in this table but has been cited in the main body of this review.
| Location (first author) | Age | Gender | Thromboembolic event | Pathologic findings | D-dimer (institution specific units) | Comorbidities | VTE prophylaxis | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switzerland (Varga et al) |
58 | F | Mesenteric ischemia | Endotheliitis in small intestine, lung, heart, kidney and liver | Unknown | Diabetes, hypertension, obesity | Unknown | Surgical removal of necrotic bowel, renal replacement therapy | Death |
| Switzerland (Varga et al) |
69 | M | Mesenteric ischemia | Endotheliitis of submucosal vessels in small intestine | Unknown | Hypertension | Unknown | Resection of small intestine, mechanical ventilation | Survived |
| New York (Magro et al) |
32 | M | Purpuric rash on buttocks | Thrombogenic vasculopathy with necrosis of epidermis and adnexa; complement deposits | D-dimer 1024 ng/mL that peaked at 2090 ng/mL on day 19 (normal 0-229 ng/mL); INR 1.6-1.9; normal PTT and platelets | Obstructive sleep apnea, anabolic steroid use | Unknown | Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, remedesvir, mechanical ventilation | Not mentioned |
| New York (Magro et al) |
66 | F | Purpuric rash on palms and soles | Superficial vascular ectasia with occlusive arterial thrombus; complement deposits | D-dimer 7030 ng/mL; low platelets at 128 × 109/L on day 10; normal INR and PTT | None | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine, prophylactic anticoagulation, renal replacement therapy and supportive care | Not mentioned |
| New York (Magro et al) |
40 | F | Livedo racemosa on chest, arms and legs | perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate in superficial dermis and deep seated small thrombi in rare venules; complement deposits | D-dimer 1187 ng/mL; INR 1.4; normal platelet and PTT | None | Unknown | Mechanical ventilation | Not mentioned |
| Beijing, China (Zhang et al) | 69 | M | Lower limb, digital ischemia in hand and stroke | None | D-dimer >21.0 mg/L; PT 17 s, PTT 43.7 s, fibrinogen 4.15 g/L, FDP 85.5 mg/L all on admission to ICU | Hypertension, diabetes and prior stroke | Unknown | Oseltamivir, intravenous immunoglobulin and mechanical ventilation | Not mentioned |
| Camden, New Jersey, USA | 84 | M | Renal infarct in addition to stroke and pulmonary embolus | None | D-dimer 21.6 μg/mL | Hypertension | No (Thromboembolism at presentation) | LMWH infusion, mechanical thrombectomy, mechanical ventilation | Death |
LMWH = low-molecular-weight heparin.
VTE = venous thromboembolism.