Table 1.
The number of COVID-19 cases and deaths per one million of population at two different time period in 20 European countries.
| Countries | Mean vitamin D (nmol/L) | 8 April 2020 |
20 May 2020 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/1 M population | Death/1 M population | Cases/1 M population | Death/1 M population | ||
| Iceland | 57 | 4736 | 18 | 5287 | 29 |
| Norway | 65 | 1123 | 19 | 1530 | 43 |
| Sweden | 73.3 | 834 | 68 | 3124 | 380 |
| Finland | 67.7 | 449 | 7 | 1163 | 55 |
| Denmark | 65 | 933 | 38 | 1920 | 97 |
| UK | 47.4 | 895 | 105 | 3690 | 526 |
| Ireland | 56.4 | 1230 | 48 | 4932 | 319 |
| Netherlands | 59.5 | 1199 | 131 | 2595 | 336 |
| Belgium | 49.3 | 2019 | 193 | 4818 | 790 |
| Germany | 50.1 | 1309 | 25 | 2131 | 98 |
| France | 60 | 1671 | 167 | 2782 | 431 |
| Switzerland | 46 | 2686 | 103 | 3548 | 219 |
| Italy | 50 | 2306 | 292 | 3750 | 535 |
| Spain | 42.5 | 3137 | 314 | 5980 | 596 |
| Estonia | 51 | 893 | 18 | 1359 | 48 |
| Czech Republic | 62.5 | 488 | 9 | 773 | 28 |
| Slovakia | 81.5 | 125 | 0.4 | 709 | 51 |
| Hungary | 60.6 | 93 | 6 | 372 | 48 |
| Turkey | 51.8 | 453 | 10 | 1810 | 50 |
| Portugal | 39 | 1289 | 37 | 2101 | 115 |
| Average | 56.8 ± 10.6 | 1393.4 ± 1129.9 | 80.4 ± 94.6 | 2718.7 ± 1632.3 | 239.7 ± 233.3 |
| Correlation (r) | −0.444 | −0.438 | −0.477 | −0.357 | |
| p-value | 0.050 | 0.053 | 0.033 | 0.123 | |
Data source: Vitamin D concentration from the reference Lips et al. [60], and COVID-19 cases and deaths from worldwide COVID-19 pandemic data portal at https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/[27]. Pearson correlation coefficient test (2-tailed) was applied to determine the correlation of vitamin D concentration with COVID-19 cases and death per one million population.