Table 3.
Comparison to other classes of pain medication and antibiotics
| Windows (days) | Effect | N | Discordant pairs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard period | Control period | ORMH (95% CI) | With drug (all patients) | Hazard; control | |
| Comparison to other classes of pain medication | |||||
| NSAIDs | 1–30 | 31–60 | 1.80 (1.39–2.33)*** | 543 (2185) | 160; 89 |
| Metamizole sodium | |||||
| Patients w/o NSAIDs | 1–30 | 31–60 | 1.95 (1.35–2.82)*** | 237 (1642) | 84; 43 |
| Patients w/ and w/o NSAIDs | 1–30 | 31–60 | 2.09 (1.56–2.80)*** | 370 (2185) | 140; 67 |
| Paracetamol | |||||
| Patients w/o NSAIDs | 1–30 | 31–60 | 1.45 (1.15–1.82)** | 606 (1642) | 175; 121 |
| Patients w/ and w/o NSAIDs | 1–30 | 31–60 | 1.57 (1.29–1.90)*** | 884 (2185) | 268; 171 |
| Opioids | |||||
| Patients w/o NSAIDs | 1–30 | 31–60 | 1.46 (1.00–2.12)* | 228 (1642) | 67; 46 |
| Patients w/ and w/o NSAIDs | 1–30 | 31–60 | 1.87 (1.36–2.55)*** | 372 (2185) | 112; 60 |
| Comparison to other classes of antibiotics | |||||
| Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | |||||
| Patients w/o other antibiotics | 1–15 | 16–30 | 3.60 (2.03–6.38)*** | 219 (1675) | 54; 15 |
| Patients w/ and w/o other antibiotics | 1–15 | 16–30 | 3.25 (2.06–5.14)*** | 318 (2185) | 78; 24 |
| Macrolidesa | |||||
| Patients w/o amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | 1–15 | 16–30 | 2.50 (1.10–5.68)* | 78 (1867) | 20; 8 |
| Patients w/ and w/o amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | 1–15 | 16–30 | 2.73 (1.37–5.44)** | 107 (2185) | 30; 11 |
| Fluoroquinolonesb | |||||
| Patients w/o amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | 1–15 | 16–30 | 0.93 (0.55–1.57) | 188 (1867) | 27; 29 |
| Patients w/ and w/o amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | 1–15 | 16–30 | 1.12 (0.70–1.78) | 239 (2185) | 38; 34 |
ORMH, Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval for ORMH; Discordant pairs, patients exposed in hazard period but not in control period or patients exposed in control period but not in hazard period. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
aNumber of patients with macrolide prescriptions: n = 107; number of macrolide prescriptions: n = 141; stratified for macrolide: erythromycin: n = 4, clarithromycin: n = 89; azithromycin: n = 48
bNumber of patients with fluoroquinolone prescriptions: n = 239; number of fluoroquinolone prescriptions: n = 324; stratified for fluoroquinolones: ofloxacin: n = 1; ciprofloxacin: n = 216; norfloxacin: n = 39; levofloxacin: n = 28; moxifloxacin: n = 40