. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 21.

Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2018 Jun 9;90(5):1802–1816. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13095

Table 3.

Panel Regression Model Estimates (OLS) of Second Grade Children’s Academic Achievement and Classroom Behaviors (N = 8,920).

	Reading Achievement, Spring 2^nd Grade	Math Achievement, Spring 2^nd Grade	Science Achievement, Spring 2^nd Grade	Externalizing Problem Behaviors, Spring 2^nd Grade	Internalizing Problem Behaviors, Spring 2^nd Grade	Behavioral Self-Regulation, Spring 2^nd Grade
Intercept	−0.41 ^***	−0.29 ^**	−1.03 ^***	−0.02	0.01	−0.13
Working memory, spring kindergarten	0.09 ^***	0.12 ^***	0.08 ^***	−0.01	−0.03 ^*	0.04 ^**
Cognitive flexibility, spring kindergarten	0.05 ^***	0.06 ^***	0.10 ^***	0.01	0.01	−0.02
Inhibitory control, spring kindergarten	0.05 ^*	0.03	0.01	−0.14 ^***	−0.06 ^**	0.11 ^***
Black	−0.02	−0.30 ^***	−0.26 ^***	0.17 ^***	−0.09 ^*	0.01
Hispanic	0.01	−0.09 ^**	−0.09 ^**	−0.10 ^*	−0.10 ^*	0.12 ^***
Other race/ethnicity	0.01	0.03	0.01	−0.05	−0.03	0.10 ^**
Female	0.09 ^***	−0.23 ^***	−0.15 ^***	−0.20 ^***	−0.0001	0.29 ^***
Lowest SES quintile, kindergarten	−0.34 ^***	−0.23 ^***	−0.22 ^***	0.17 ^**	0.12 ^*	−0.22 ^***
Second lowest SES quintile, kindergarten	−0.20 ^***	−0.13 ^***	−0.14 ^***	0.19 ^***	0.12 ^**	−0.18 ^***
Middle SES quintile, kindergarten	−0.11 ^***	−0.10 ^***	−0.07 ^**	0.11 ^***	0.08 ^*	−0.14 ^***
Second highest SES quintile, kindergarten	−0.07 ^***	−0.09 ^**	−0.06 ^*	0.07 ^**	−0.001	−0.07 ^**
Child uses non-English at home, spring kindergarten	0.06	0.15 ^***	0.05	−0.11 ^***	−0.16 ^***	0.17 ^***
IEP, spring 2^nd grade	−0.42 ^***	−0.35 ^***	−0.22 ^***	0.13 ^**	0.24 ^***	−0.23 ^***
Age (in months), spring 2^nd grade	−0.04 ^**	−0.05 ^***	−0.01	0.02	0.04 ^**	−0.02
Reading achievement, spring kindergarten	0.33 ^***	0.05 ^***	0.09 ^***	−0.01	−0.01	0.04 ^**
Mathematics achievement, spring kindergarten	0.15 ^***	0.42 ^***	0.18 ^***	−0.02	−0.08 ^***	0.15 ^***
Science achievement, spring kindergarten	0.11 ^***	0.09 ^***	0.27 ^***	0.02	0.004	0.004
Externalizing problem behaviors, spring kindergarten	0.03 ^*	0.03 ^**	0.02	0.41 ^***	0.02	−0.12 ^***
Internalizing problem behaviors, spring kindergarten	−0.01	−0.002	0.02	−0.06 ^***	0.18 ^***	0.01
Behavioral self-regulation, spring kindergarten	0.07 ^***	0.11 ^***	0.07 ^***	−0.02	−0.08 ^***	0.22 ^***
Vocabulary score 12–15	0.32 ^**	0.38 ^***	0.67 ^***	0.004	−0.02	−0.01
Vocabulary score 16–19	0.52 ^***	0.52 ^***	1.16 ^***	0.004	0.01	0.06
Vocabulary score 20	0.56 ^***	0.60 ^***	1.36 ^***	0.03	−0.05	0.09
R²	0.59	0.61	0.57	0.35	0.13	0.37

Note:

p<0.05.

^**

p<0.01

^***

p<0.001.

Continuous variables standardized. Sampling weight and clustering used. IEP = Individualized Educational Plan; OLS = ordinary least squares; SES = socioeconomic status. White and Asian children as reference group.