Panel 1.

Study populations and data source characteristics

Country and years of coverage	Data sources and study populations	Pregnancies included	Drug information available
Australia, New South Wales (NSW) 2004–2012	a) NSW Perinatal Data Collection (state-wide birth register) b) Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (national claims data) Publicly insured	All pregnancies resulting in live birth or stillbirth from 20 weeks of gestation or birthweight of at least 400 grams Only pregnancies among women who were concessional beneficiaries (eligible for increased subsidy for prescription drugs) were included	All dispensed, subsidised prescription drugs in outpatient care and private hospitals
Denmark 2000–2012	a) Medical Birth Register b) National Prescription Registry (National health registers) Publicly insured	All pregnancies resulting in live birth or stillbirth from 22 weeks of gestation	All dispensed prescription drugs in outpatient care
Finland 2005–2014	a) Medical Birth Register b) Register of Reimbursed Drug Purchases and Register of Medical Special Reimbursements (National health registers) Publicly insured	All pregnancies resulting in live birth or stillbirth from 22 weeks of gestation	All dispensed, reimbursed prescription drugs in outpatient care
Germany 2006–2015	German Pharmacoepidemiological Research Database (GePaRD) (Healthcare claims database) Publicly insured	All pregnancies resulting in live birth or stillbirth (>500 gram)	All dispensed, reimbursed prescription drugs in outpatient care
Hong Kong 2001–2015	Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS)	All pregnancies in public hospitals resulting in live birth or stillbirth are directly identified in the database.	All dispensed prescription drugs in public in-and outpatient care
Iceland 2004–2017	a) Medical Birth Register b) National Medicine Registry (National health registers) Publicly insured	All pregnancies resulting in live birth or stillbirth from 22 weeks of gestation	All dispensed prescription drugs in outpatient care
Norway 2005–2015	a) Medical Birth Registry of Norway b) Norwegian Prescription Database (National health registers) Publicly insured	All pregnancies resulting in a live birth or stillbirth from 12 weeks of gestation	All dispensed prescription drugs in outpatient care
Sweden 2006–2015	a) Medical Birth Register b) Prescribed Drug Register (National health registers) Publicly insured	All pregnancies resulting in a live birth or stillbirth from 22 weeks of gestation	All dispensed prescription drugs in outpatient care
UK 2001–2015	The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database (Primary care database) Publicly insured	All pregnancies identified based on the recorded birth date, the last menstrual period and the estimated birth dates	All drugs prescribed in general practice
US MarketScan, privately-insured 2012–2015	IBM MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters (MarketScan) database (Healthcare claims database) Privately insured	All pregnancies in women continuously enrolled in their health plan from before pregnancy until birth, identified with an ICD-9-based algorithm to identify live births and stillbirths	All dispensed, reimbursed prescription drugs in outpatient care
US MAX, publicly-insured 2000–2013	Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) database (Healthcare claims database) Publicly insured	All pregnancies in women continuously enrolled in a state Medicaid program from before pregnancy until birth, identified	All dispensed, reimbursed prescription drugs in outpatient care