Table 5.

List of metabolites associated with preeclampsia. Metabolites, fold changes sample origin, study size, gestational age and severity of preeclampsia were also included.

Metabolite dysregulation	Fold change	Reference	Sample origin	Case/controls	Gestational Age (preeclampsia, control in weeks) *
Valine	↓ −1.27	[50]	maternal serum	59/115	#
Leucine	↑ 1.16	[50]	maternal serum	59/115	#
Hippurate	↓	[51]	urine	26/561	38,40^
Creatinine	↑	[51]	urine	26/561	38,40^
Stearoylcarnitine	↑ 0.829	[52]	maternal serum	167/500	31,40## 37,40#
Arginine	↑ 1.02	[53]	maternal serum	50/108	##
2-hydroxybutyrate	↑ 1.08	[53]	maternal serum	50/108	##
Citrate	↑ 0.06	[54]	maternal plasma	30/60	##
Glycerol	<0.001	[54]	maternal plasma	30/60	##
Hydroxyisovalerate	↑ 0.01	[54]	maternal plasma	30/60	##
Methionine	↑ 0.024	[54]	maternal plasma	30/60	##
Hydroxyhexanoylcarnitine	↑ 0.78	[55]	maternal serum	41/41	35,39^
Alanine	↑ 0.78	[55]	maternal serum	41/41	35,39^
Phenylalanine	↑ 0.80	[55]	maternal serum	41/41	35,39^
Glutamate	↑ 0.79	[55]	maternal serum	41/41	35,39^
	↑ 0.76	[56]	placenta	6/6	^
Glutamine	↑ 0.42	[56]	placenta	6/6	^
Cysteine	↑0.64	[97]	Placenta	10,10	##,#
eicosapentaenoic acid	↑2	[98]	Plasma	10,10	37,38^
docosahexaenoic acid	↑1.4	[98]	Plasma	10,10	37,38^
4-Hydroxyglutamate	↑3	[99]	Serum	194,325	35,40## 39,40#

^##early-onset preeclampsia

^#late-onset preeclampsia

^###severe preeclampsia

^####mild preeclampsia

^{^}not specified

^*Type of preeclampsia