Table 2.
Odds ratios of mass media exposure on maternal healthcare among mothers in India (n = 31,132).
| Antenatal care | Delivery care | Postpartum care | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Mass media exposure | 4.443*** | 1.777*** | 1.864*** | 3.844*** | 1.416*** | 1.378*** | 2.834*** | 1.571*** | 1.504*** |
| Mother's education | |||||||||
| No education (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Primary | 1.518*** | 1.499*** | 1.257*** | 1.256** | 1.203*** | 1.142 | |||
| Secondary | 1.929*** | 2.103*** | 1.718*** | 1.598*** | 1.399*** | 1.316*** | |||
| Higher | 2.817*** | 8.271*** | 3.587*** | 6.673*** | 1.805*** | 2.282*** | |||
| Mother's work status | |||||||||
| Not working (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Working | 1.185*** | 1.185*** | 0.882*** | 0.883*** | 1.245*** | 1.245*** | |||
| Mother's age | 0.983 | 0.983 | 0.989 | 0.990 | 1.012 | 1.012 | |||
| Mother's age2 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999* | 0.999* | |||
| Husband's education | |||||||||
| No education (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Primary | 1.368*** | 1.365*** | 1.055 | 1.057 | 1.042 | 1.044 | |||
| Secondary | 1.153** | 1.151** | 1.322*** | 1.321*** | 1.182*** | 1.183*** | |||
| Higher | 1.179* | 1.186* | 1.449*** | 1.451*** | 1.216*** | 1.217*** | |||
| Husband's work status | |||||||||
| Not working (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Working | 1.508*** | 1.511*** | 9.978 | 0.979 | 1.313*** | 1.315*** | |||
| Place of residence | |||||||||
| Rural (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Urban | 1.023 | 1.022 | 1.037 | 1.039 | 1.039 | 1.041 | |||
| Wealth status | |||||||||
| Poorest (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Poorer | 1.470*** | 1.459*** | 1.414*** | 1.416*** | 1.221*** | 1.223*** | |||
| Middle | 2.005*** | 2.006*** | 2.202*** | 2.195*** | 1.546*** | 1.544*** | |||
| Richer | 2.879*** | 2.906*** | 2.993*** | 2.975*** | 1.865*** | 1.859*** | |||
| Richest | 3.949*** | 4.052*** | 5.160*** | 5.143*** | 2.269*** | 2.265*** | |||
| Mass media-by-mother's education | |||||||||
| Mass media × Primary | 1.003 | 1.013 | 1.096 | ||||||
| Mass media × Secondary | 0.870 | 1.112 | 1.098 | ||||||
| Mass media × Higher | 0.309* | 0.531 | 0.804 | ||||||
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.107 | 0.186 | 0.186 | 0.089 | 0.190 | 0.190 | 0.061 | 0.103 | 0.104 |
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys.
Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Model 1: Bivariate relationship with mass media exposure, Model 2: Mass media exposure and sociodemographic covariates, and Model 3: Includes interaction between mass media exposure and mother's education.