Table 3.
Odds ratios of mass media exposure on maternal healthcare among mothers in Bangladesh (n = 4583).
| Antenatal care | Delivery care | Postpartum care | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Mass media exposure | 4.054*** | 1.582*** | 1.587* | 2.748*** | 1.156 | 1.526* | 2.982*** | 1.595*** | 1.936*** |
| Mother's education | |||||||||
| No education (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Primary | 1.483*** | 1.444** | 1.499*** | 1.896*** | 1.240* | 1.241 | |||
| Secondary | 2.462*** | 2.616*** | 1.878*** | 1.917*** | 1.243 | 1.486** | |||
| Higher | 3.359*** | 2.530* | 4.279*** | 3.792*** | 3.197*** | 3.132** | |||
| Mother's work status | |||||||||
| Not working (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Working | 1.061 | 1.059 | 0.878 | 0.882 | 1.415*** | 1.417*** | |||
| Mother's age | 0.990 | 0.990 | 1.005 | 1.002 | 0.975 | 0.976 | |||
| Mother's age2 | 1.001 | 1.001 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.001 | 1.001 | |||
| Husband's education | |||||||||
| No education (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Primary | 1.082 | 1.080 | 1.110 | 1.120 | 0.962 | 0.960 | |||
| Secondary | 1.377** | 1.384** | 1.489*** | 1.500*** | 1.181 | 1.192 | |||
| Higher | 2.136*** | 2.141*** | 2.425*** | 2.424*** | 1.136 | 1.153 | |||
| Husband's work status | |||||||||
| Not working (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Working | 1.249 | 1.270 | 0.525 | 0.519 | 1.255 | 1.278 | |||
| Place of residence | |||||||||
| Rural (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Urban | 1.281* | 1.276* | 1.228* | 1.236* | 1.403*** | 1.387*** | |||
| Wealth status | |||||||||
| Poorest (ref.) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| Poorer | 1.359** | 1.352** | 1.257* | 1.275* | 1.199 | 1.170 | |||
| Middle | 1.765*** | 1.759*** | 1.343** | 1.376** | 1.233* | 1.205 | |||
| Richer | 2.847*** | 2.845*** | 2.114*** | 2.142*** | 1.809*** | 1.772*** | |||
| Richest | 4.549*** | 4.550*** | 3.423*** | 3.457*** | 3.895*** | 3.888*** | |||
| Mass media-by-mother's education | |||||||||
| Mass media × Primary | 1.080 | 0.568** | 0.957 | ||||||
| Mass media × Secondary | 0.899 | 0.840 | 0.696 | ||||||
| Mass media × Higher | 1.445 | 0.982 | 0.904 | ||||||
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.117 | 0.225 | 0.226 | 0.076 | 0.222 | 0.222 | 0.086 | 0.172 | 0.174 |
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys.
Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Model 1: Bivariate relationship with mass media exposure, Model 2: Mass media exposure and sociodemographic covariates, and Model 3: Includes interaction between mass media exposure and mother's education.