Figure 1.

Observations of Tool Use Modes across Taxa

Horizontal axis gives the 22 modes of tool use classified in Shumaker et al. (2011). Vertical axis gives groups in which these modes have been observed, connected by a coarse-grained taxonomy from NCBI Taxonomy Common Tree (Federhen, 2011). After Shumaker et al. (2011), a black pixel denotes an observation of a mode of tool use in the wild by a taxonomic group; a gray pixel denotes an observation in which human influence cannot be discounted; a white pixel denotes absence of that observation. NW, New World; OW, Old World.