Fig. 1.

Proposed working model for transmembrane transporters in regulating Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis

The arrows in solid lines indicate the direction of Na⁺ and K⁺ flux, while dashed arrows indicate the direction of proton flux. Tm, Triticum monococcum; Os, Oryza sativa; At, Arabidopsis thaliana; HKT, high-affinity K⁺ transporter; SOS, salt overly sensitive; NHX, Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger; TPK, two-pore K⁺ channel; P_i, inorganic phosphorus; PP_i, pyrophosphate; Ta, Triticum aestivum; Hv, Hordeum vulgare; SKOR, stelar K⁺ outward rectifier; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; KUP, K⁺ uptake permease; HAK, high-affinity potassium transporter; KT, K⁺ transporter; PIP, plasma membrane intrinsic protein; NSCCs, non-selective cation channels; AKT, K⁺ transporter; KAT, K⁺ channel in Arabidopsis thaliana; Cyt, cytoplasm; GORK, guard cell outward rectifying K⁺ channel