Fig. 4.

Inhaled anesthetics displace PLD2 from GM1 rafts. (A) Representative super-resolution (dSTORM) images of fluorescently labeled CTxB (lipid raft) and PLD2 before treatment (control) and after treatment with chloroform (1 mM), isoflurane (1 mM), and MβCD (100 µM) in N2A cells (Scale bars, 0.5 µm.) (B) Average cross-correlation functions [C(r)] showing a decrease in PLD2 association with ordered GM1 rafts after treatment with anesthetic or MβCD. (C) Comparison of the first data point in B (5-nm radius) (±SEM, n = 10 to 17) (Student’s t test results: ***P ≤ 0.001). (D) Schematic representation of PLD2 in GM1 rafts before (Left) and after (Right) anesthetic treatment. Palmitoylation drives PLD2 into GM1 rafts (blue rectangle) away from its unsaturated PC substrate (yellow circle). Anesthetics (orange hexagon) disrupts GM1 rafts causing the enzyme to translocate where it finds its substrate PC in the disordered region of the cell.