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. 2020 Jun 2;9:4. doi: 10.1186/s13619-020-00046-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Epigenetic modification and retrotransposon expression changes in embryogenesis. a Different stages of embryonic development process are showed (from left to right): 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-cells, morula, and blastocyst stages. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the early blastocysts, and have similar developmental potential as ICM. Inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) come from differentiated somatic cells and together with ESCs comprise in vitro PSCs; b DNA methylation (green) and H3K9me3 (yellow) levels decrease after fertilization, then increase to normal levels in somatic cells; c The expression of retrotransposon subclasses changes in the embryonic development process, and some typical elements are shown such as MuERV-L(green), Alu(yellow), LINE1(purple), and LTR7-HERVH(blue); d The summary of expression patterns of retrotransposons demonstrated in (c) and related references